Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of the Cricothyroid Muscle in Patients With Suspected Superior Laryngeal Nerve Weakness

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Guzman ◽  
Adam Rubin ◽  
Paul Cox ◽  
Fernando Landini ◽  
Cristina Jackson-Menaldi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Cricothyroid Muscle ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve in the Rat: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 369
Author(s):  
Kaori Iimura ◽  
Nobuhiro Watanabe ◽  
Philip Milliken ◽  
Yee-Hsee Hsieh ◽  
Stephen J. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Chronic Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Electrical stimulation of myelinated afferent fibers of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) facilitates calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland in anesthetized rats. In this study, we aimed to quantify the electrical SLN stimulation-induced systemic calcitonin release in conscious rats and to then clarify effects of chronic SLN stimulation on bone mineral density (BMD) in a rat ovariectomized disease model of osteoporosis. Cuff electrodes were implanted bilaterally on SLNs and after two weeks recovery were stimulated (0.5 ms, 90 microampere) repetitively at 40 Hz for 8 min. Immunoreactive calcitonin release was initially measured and quantified in systemic venous blood plasma samples from conscious healthy rats. For chronic SLN stimulation, stimuli were applied intermittently for 3–4 weeks, starting at five weeks after ovariectomy (OVX). After the end of the stimulation period, BMD of the femur and tibia was measured. SLN stimulation increased plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentration by 13.3 ± 17.3 pg/mL (mean ± SD). BMD in proximal metaphysis of tibia (p = 0.0324) and in distal metaphysis of femur (p = 0.0510) in chronically SLN-stimulated rats was 4–5% higher than that in sham rats. Our findings demonstrate chronic electrical stimulation of the SLNs produced enhanced calcitonin release from the thyroid gland and partially improved bone loss in OVX rats.

Central GABAergic mechanisms are involved in apnea induced by SLN stimulation in piglets

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1570-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal M. Abu-Shaweesh ◽  
Ismail A. Dreshaj ◽  
Musa A. Haxhiu ◽  
Richard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Stimulation Of

Stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) results in apnea in animals of different species, the mechanism of which is not known. We studied the effect of the GABAA receptor blocker bicuculline, given intravenously and intracisternally, on apnea induced by SLN stimulation. Eighteen 5- to 10-day-old piglets were studied: bicuculline was administered intravenously to nine animals and intracisternally to nine animals. The animals were anesthetized and then decerebrated, vagotomized, ventilated, and paralyzed. The phrenic nerve responses to four levels of electrical SLN stimulation were measured before and after bicuculline. SLN stimulation caused a significant decrease in phrenic nerve amplitude, phrenic nerve frequency, minute phrenic activity, and inspiratory time ( P < 0.01) that was proportional to the level of electrical stimulation. Increased levels of stimulation were more likely to induce apnea during stimulation that often persisted beyond cessation of the stimulus. Bicuculline, administered intravenously or intracisternally, decreased the SLN stimulation-induced decrease in phrenic nerve amplitude, minute phrenic activity, and phrenic nerve frequency ( P < 0.05). Bicuculline also reduced SLN-induced apnea and duration of poststimulation apnea ( P < 0.05). We conclude that centrally mediated GABAergic pathways are involved in laryngeal stimulation-induced apnea.

Effects of electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve on the jaw-opening reflex

2011 ◽  
Vol 1391 ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako Fukuhara ◽  
Takanori Tsujimura ◽  
Yuka Kajii ◽  
Kensuke Yamamura ◽  
Makoto Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Opening Reflex ◽  
Stimulation Of

Nitric oxide modulates elicitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx in rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. R651-R656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kijima ◽  
Tomio Shingai ◽  
Yoshihiro Takahashi ◽  
Yuka Kajii ◽  
Shin-ichi Fukushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Pharyngeal Branch ◽  
Prolonged Latency ◽  
Stimulation Of

The pharynx is very important for elicitation of reflex swallowing. The region of the pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph). Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in various physiological functions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of NO to reflex swallowing evoked by electrical stimulation of the GPN-ph. Swallowing was evoked in urethane-anesthetized rats by application of repetitive electrical stimulation (10- to 20-μA amplitude, 10- to 20-Hz frequency, 1.0-ms duration) to the central cut end of the GPN-ph or superior laryngeal nerve. Swallowing was identified by electromyographic activity of the mylohyoid muscle. Latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows were measured. Intravenous administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, 0.6 mg/kg), a nonselective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), extremely prolonged latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows evoked by the GPN-ph. Intraperitoneal administration of 7-nitroindazole (5.0 mg/kg), a selective inhibitor of neuronal NOS, significantly prolonged latency to the first swallow and the interval between swallows evoked by the GPN-ph. Administration of l-arginine (an NO donor, 500 mg/kg) and sodium nitroprusside (an NO releaser, 0.6 mg/kg) restored the suppression of swallowing induced by the NOS inhibitor. Superior laryngeal nerve-evoked swallowing was suppressed by administration of a higher dose of l-NNA (6.0 mg/kg). Swallowing evoked by water stimulation of the pharynx was also suppressed by l-NNA (0.6 mg/kg). These results suggest that NO plays an important role in signal processing for initiation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx.

Thyroid cartilage movements during breathing

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Amis ◽  
A. Brancatisano ◽  
A. Tully
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Stimulation Of

We measured lateral (outward) thyroid cartilage displacement (TCD) of the larynx in six supine anesthetized (intravenous chloralose) dogs. Combined left and right TCDs were measured with linear transducers attached by a thread to the thyroid alae. During tidal breathing via a tracheostomy, phasic inspiratory TCD occurred in all dogs [0.66 +/- 0.2 mm (mean +/- SE)] together with phasic inspiratory electromyographic activity in the cricothyroid (CT) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles. During brief tracheal occlusions, TCD increased significantly to 1.27 +/- 0.2 mm (P = 0.001), accompanied by an increase of 95–115% in the peak CT and PCA electromyograms. Bilateral supramaximal electrical stimulation of the external branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (ExSLN) produced a TCD of 9.9 +/- 0.8 mm; however, similar stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) produced a TCD of only 1.33 +/- 0.1 mm (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, bilateral section of the ExSLN in five dogs significantly reduced tidal TCD by 48.7 +/- 24.4% (P < 0.05), and bilateral section of both the ExSLN and RLN resulted in slight phasic inward TCD (-0.06 +/- 0.05 mm). Thus, it appears that the activities of both the CT and RLN-innervated muscles (probably the PCA muscle) contribute to tidal breathing TCD. These findings suggest that inspiratory dilation of the hypopharynx is mediated by contractions of CT and PCA muscles.

Changes in the frequency of swallowing during electrical stimulation of superior laryngeal nerve in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kojun Tsuji ◽  
Takanori Tsujimura ◽  
Jin Magara ◽  
Shogo Sakai ◽  
Yuki Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Stimulation Of

Fictive cough in the cat

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2325-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Bolser
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were performed to determine whether cough could be elicited in paralyzed cats ventilated on a respiratory cycle-triggered pump. Midcollicular decerebrate cats were paralyzed and artificially ventilated on a phrenic-triggered pump. Phrenic and cranial iliohypogastric nerve efferent activities were recorded. Cough was elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or probing the intrathoracic trachea. Fictive coughs induced by electrical stimulation of the SLN or mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea consisted of large-amplitude bursts in phrenic discharge immediately followed by large bursts in cranial iliohypogastric discharge. During fictive cough, phrenic postinspiratory discharge was reduced relative to control cycles. Codeine (0.03–1 mg/kg iv) decreased both SLN- and probe-induced fictive cough. I conclude that fictive cough can be produced in paralyzed cats ventilated on a phrenic-triggered pump. Furthermore, fictive cough can be produced in the absence of afferent feedback associated with active expiration.

Time-dependent responses of expiration reflex in cats

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nishino ◽  
Y. Honda
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated the effectiveness of the “expiration reflex” in 10 anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. The expiration reflex was produced by mechanical stimulation of the vocal folds and electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve at different moments in the respiratory cycle and at various levels of respiratory chemical drive. The effectiveness of the expiration reflex was evaluated from sudden changes in expiratory flow immediately following the stimulation. Both mechanical and electrical stimulations given during early inspiration caused little or no expiratory efforts, whereas stimulations given during early expiration or hypocapnic apnea produced a typical expiration reflex. Changes in arterial CO2 and O2 partial pressures influenced neither the relationships between the stimulation and its effect on the expiration reflex nor the strength of the expiration reflex. These results indicate that the timing of stimulation with relation to the phase of the respiratory cycle is critical to its effect on the expiration reflex and that changes in respiratory chemical drive do not modify the expiration reflex characteristics.

Modulation of Laryngeal Responses to Superior Laryngeal Nerve Stimulation by Volitional Swallowing in Awake Humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1264-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Barkmeier ◽  
Steve Bielamowicz ◽  
Naoya Takeda ◽  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Internal Branch ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Muscle Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

Laryngeal sensori-motor closure reflexes are important for the protection of the airway and prevent the entry of foreign substances into the trachea and lungs. The purpose of this study was to determine how such reflexes might be modulated during volitional swallowing in awake humans, when persons are at risk of entry of food or liquids into the airway. The frequency and the amplitude of laryngeal adductor responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN) were studied during different phases of volitional swallowing. Subjects swallowed water on command while electrical stimuli were presented to the ISLN at various intervals from 500 ms to 5 s following the command. Laryngeal adductor responses to unilateral ISLN stimulation were recorded bilaterally in the thyroarytenoid muscles using hooked wire electrodes. Early ipsilateral R1 responses occurred at 17 ms, and later bilateral R2 began around 65 ms. The muscle responses to stimuli occurring during expiration without swallowing were quantified as control trials. Responses to stimulation presented before swallowing, during the swallow, within 3 s after swallowing, and between 3 and 5 s after a swallow were measured. The frequency and amplitude of three responses (ipsilateral R1 and bilateral R2) relative to the control responses were compared across the different phases relative to the occurrence of swallowing. Results demonstrated that a reduction occurred in both the frequency and amplitude of the later bilateral R2 laryngeal responses to electrical stimulation for up to 3 s after swallowing ( P= 0.005). The amplitude and frequency of ipsilateral R1 laryngeal responses, however, did not show a significant main effect following the swallow ( P = 0.28), although there was a significant time by measure interaction ( P = 0.006) related to reduced R1 response amplitude up to 3 s after swallowing ( P = 0.021). Therefore, the more rapid and shorter unilateral R1 responses continued to provide some, albeit reduced, laryngeal protective functions after swallowing, whereas the later bilateral R2 responses were suppressed both in occurrence and amplitude for up to 3 s after swallowing. The results suggest that R2 laryngeal adductor responses are suppressed following swallowing when residues may remain in the laryngeal vestibule putting persons at increased risk for the entry of foreign substances into the airway.

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