MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene is Required for Long-term Memory Formation in an Aversive Operant Conditioning Model of Lymnaea stagnalis

Neuroscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 379 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Dong ◽  
Anthony Senzel ◽  
Kathy Li ◽  
Tom Z. Lu ◽  
Cong-Hui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Gene ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Conditioning Model

scholarly journals What's hot: the enhancing effects of thermal stress on long-term memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis

2012 ◽  
Vol 215 (24) ◽  
pp. 4322-4329 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Teskey ◽  
K. S. Lukowiak ◽  
H. Riaz ◽  
S. Dalesman ◽  
K. Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

The effects of continuous versus partial reinforcement schedules on associative learning, memory and extinction in Lymnaea stagnalis

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Sangha ◽  
Chloe McComb ◽  
Andi Scheibenstock ◽  
Christine Johannes ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Reinforcement Schedules ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Term Memory

SUMMARY A continuous schedule of reinforcement (CR) in an operant conditioning procedure results in the acquisition of associative learning and the formation of long-term memory. A 50 % partial reinforcement (PR) schedule does not result in learning. The sequence of PR—CR training has different and significant effects on memory retention and resistance to extinction. A CR/PR schedule results in a longer-lasting memory than a PR/CR schedule. Moreover,the memory produced by the CR/PR schedule is resistant to extinction training. In contrast, extinction occurs following the PR/CR schedule.

Microgeographical variability in long-term memory formation in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dalesman ◽  
Simon D. Rundle ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals The Soma of RPeD1 Must Be Present for Long-Term Memory Formation of Associative Learning in Lymnaea

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 1584-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andi Scheibenstock ◽  
Darin Krygier ◽  
Zara Haque ◽  
Naweed Syed ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Identified Neuron ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
A Site

The cellular basis of long-term memory (LTM) storage is not completely known. We have developed a preparation where we are able to specify that a single identified neuron, Right Pedal Dorsal 1 (RPeD1), is a site of LTM formation of associative learning in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We demonstrated this by ablating the soma of the neuron but leaving behind its functional primary neurite, as evidenced by electrophysiological and behavioral analyses. The soma-less RPeD1 neurite continues to be a necessary participant in the mediation of aerial respiratory behavior, associative learning, and intermediate-term memory (ITM); however, LTM cannot be formed. However, if RPeD1's soma is ablated after LTM consolidation has occurred, LTM can still be accessed. Thus the soma of RPeD1 is a site of LTM formation.

Long-term memory of an operantly conditioned respiratory behaviour pattern in lymnaea stagnalis

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Lukowiak ◽  
R Cotter ◽  
J Westly ◽  
E Ringseis ◽  
G Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Hypoxic Environment

The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis breaths bimodally either through its skin (cutaneous respiration) or via a rudimentary lung opening called the pneumostome (aerial respiration). Aerial respiratory behaviour can be operantly conditioned. Animals placed in an aquatic, hypoxic environment received a tactile stimulus to the pneumostome area every time they attempted to breathe. Over a period of five training sessions (2.5 days), the animals learned not to breathe, and the number of stimuli received in the fifth session was significantly lower than in the first session. These changes in the respiratory behaviour following the operant paradigm were shown to persist for at least 24 h. We aimed to determine whether the changes in the learned behaviour would persist for longer. We obtained direct evidence that the behavioural changes following operant conditioning persisted for at least 4 weeks following the last training session. However, we found that the persistence of this memory was dependent upon the training procedure used. Memory persisted longer following a spaced training procedure (4 weeks) as opposed to a massed training procedure (2 weeks). Yoked control animals showed no changes in their respiratory behaviour over the same time periods. However, if these yoked control animals were subjected to an operant conditioning procedure, their ability to learn was not impeded. This study demonstrated that operant conditioning of a behaviour pattern in a molluscan preparation can result in long-term memory and that the persistence of the memory is contingent on the training procedure used. <P>

In Lymnaea two stressors that individually enhance memory in combination block memory formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina Soudavari ◽  
Anuradha Batabyal ◽  
K. Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

Stress plays an important role in memory formation in Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus 1758). Individual stressors have been shown to enhance or perturb long-term memory (LTM) formation. However, when snails perceive a combination of two stressors it is unclear the outcome as regards LTM formation. Here we first show that when snails are exposed individually to either a predator stressor, crayfish effluent, (CE) a kairomone; or a thermal stressor (30°C) LTM formation is enhanced. In their natural environment Lymnaea may experience temperatures approaching 30°C and they may encounter crayfish at the same time. How such a combination of stressors alters adaptive behaviour is unknown. Here we show that when these two stressors are combined, LTM formation is blocked. Since boiling CE inactivates the kairomone, we used previously boiled CE and combined it with the thermal stressor, and found that LTM formation is again enhanced. These data show that; 1) It cannot accurately be predicted how a combination of stressors when combined interact to alter LTM formation; and 2) There is something different with hot-CE compared to room temperature CE.

scholarly journals Long term memory of configural learning is enhanced via CREB upregulation by the flavonoid Quercetin in Lymnaea stagnalis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Batabyal ◽  
Veronica Rivi ◽  
Cristina Benatti ◽  
Johanna MC Blom ◽  
Ken Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Configural Learning ◽  
Flavonoid Quercetin

Animals respond to acute stressors by modifying their behaviour and physiology. The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits configural learning (CL), a form of higher order associative learning. In CL snails develop a landscape of fear when they experience a predatory cue along with a taste of food. This experience results in a suppression of the food response; but the memory only persists for 3h. Lymnaea has been also found to upregulate heat shock proteins (HSPs) as a result of acute heat stress that leads to the enhancement of memory formation. A plant flavonoid quercetin blocks the upregulation of HSPs when experienced prior to heat stress. Here we used this blocking mechanism to test the hypothesis that HSP upregulation played a critical role in CL. Snails experienced quercetin prior to CL training and surprisingly instead of blocking memory formation it enhanced the memory such that it now persisted for at least 24h. Quercetin exposure both prior to or post CL enhanced long-term memory (LTM) up to 48h. We quantified CREB1 mRNA levels in the Lymnaea central nervous system following quercetin and found LymCREB1 to be upregulated following quercetin exposure. The enhanced LTM phenotype in L. stagnalis was most pronounced when quercetin was experienced during the consolidation phase. Additionally, quercetin exposure during the memory reconsolidation phase also led to memory enhancement. Thus, we found no support of our original hypothesis but found that quercetin exposure upregulated LymCREB1 leading to LTM formation for CL.

scholarly journals Aversive operant conditioning alters the phototactic orientation of the marbled crayfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (6) ◽  
pp. jeb242180
Author(s):  
Shione Okada ◽  
Natsumi Hirano ◽  
Toshiki Abe ◽  
Toshiki Nagayama
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Aversive Learning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
Marbled Crayfish

ABSTRACTAversive learning was applied to affect the phototactic behaviour of the marbled crayfish. Animals initially showed negative phototaxis to white light and positive taxis to blue light. Using an aversive learning paradigm, we investigated the plasticity of innate behaviour following operant conditioning. The initial rate of choosing a blue-lit exit was analysed by a dual choice experiment between blue-lit and white-lit exits in pre-test conditions. During training, electrical shocks were applied to the animals when they oriented to the blue-lit exit. Memory tests were given to analyse the orientation rate to the blue-lit exit in trials 1 and 24 h after training and these rates were compared with the pre-test. In general, animals avoided the blue-lit exit in the memory tests. When training was carried out three times, the long-term memory was retained for at least 48 h, although a single bout of training was also enough to form a long-term memory. Cooling animals at 4°C or injection of cycloheximide immediately after training altered the formation of long-term memory, but had no effect on short-term memory formation. Administration of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536, the PKA inhibitor H89 or the CREB inhibitor KG-501 immediately after training also blocked the formation of long-term memory, but had no effect on short-term memory formation. Thus, our pharmacological behavioural analyses showed that new protein synthesis was necessary to form long-term memories and that the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway is the main signal cascade for long-term memory formation in the marbled crayfish.

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