ABSTRACTInhalation of ricin toxin is associated with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by hemorrhage, inflammatory exudates, and tissue edema, as well as the near complete destruction of the lung epithelium. Here we report that the Calu-3 human airway epithelial cell line is relatively impervious to the effects of ricin, with little evidence of cell death even upon exposure to microgram amounts of toxin. However, the addition of exogenous soluble TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL; CD253) dramatically sensitized Calu-3 cells to ricin-induced apoptosis. Calu-3 cell killing in response to ricin and TRAIL was reduced upon the addition of caspase-8 and caspase-3/7 inhibitors, but not caspase 9 inhibitors, consistent with involvement of extrinsic apoptotic pathways in cell death. We employed nCounter Technology to define the transcriptional response of Calu-3 cells to ricin, TRAIL, and the combination of ricin plus TRAIL. An array of genes associated with inflammation-and cell death were significantly up regulated upon treatment with ricin toxin, and further amplified upon addition of TRAIL. Of particular note was IL-6, whose expression in Calu-3 cells increased 300-fold upon ricin treatment and more than 750-fold upon ricin and TRAIL treatment. IL-6 secretion by Calu-3 cells was confirmed by cytometric bead array. Based on these finding, we speculate that the severe airway epithelial cell damage observed in animal models following ricin exposure is a result of a positive feedback loop driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines like TRAIL and IL-6.
PRMT6 Deficiency Aggravates Cigarette Smoke Extract-Induced Airway Epithelial Cell Death Through Repressing PI3K-AKT Cascade
