In order to develop an efficient brain-computer interface system, the brain activity measured by electroencephalography needs to be accurately decoded. In this paper, a motor imagery classification approach is proposed, combining virtual electrodes on the cortex layer with a convolutional neural network; this can effectively improve the decoding performance of the brain-computer interface system. A three layer (cortex, skull, and scalp) head volume conduction model was established by using the symmetric boundary element method to map the scalp signal to the cortex area. Nine pairs of virtual electrodes were created on the cortex layer, and the features of the time and frequency sequence from the virtual electrodes were extracted by performing time-frequency analysis. Finally, the convolutional neural network was used to classify motor imagery tasks. The results show that the proposed approach is convergent in both the training model and the test model. Based on the Physionet motor imagery database, the averaged accuracy can reach 98.32% for a single subject, while the averaged values of accuracy, Kappa, precision, recall, and F1-score on the group-wise are 96.23%, 94.83%, 96.21%, 96.13%, and 96.14%, respectively. Based on the High Gamma database, the averaged accuracy has achieved 96.37% and 91.21% at the subject and group levels, respectively. Moreover, this approach is superior to those of other studies on the same database, which suggests robustness and adaptability to individual variability.
Classification of the gaze fixations in the eye-brain-computer interface paradigm with a compact convolutional neural network
