The Current Status of Molecular Xenomonitoring for Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis

Abstract Background Molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the detection of pathogen DNA in mosquitoes, is a recommended approach to support lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination efforts. Potential roles of MX include detecting presence of LF in communities and quantifying progress towards elimination of the disease. However, the relationship between MX results and human prevalence is poorly understood. Methods :We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis from all previously conducted studies that reported the prevalence of filarial DNA in wild-caught mosquitoes (MX rate) and the corresponding prevalence of microfilaria (mf) in humans. We calculated a pooled estimate of MX sensitivity for detecting positive communities at a range of mf prevalence values and mosquito sample sizes. We conducted a linear regression to evaluate the relationship between mf prevalence and MX rate. Results We identified 24 studies comprising 144 study communities. MX had an overall sensitivity of 98.3% (95% CI 41.5, 99.9%) and identified 28 positive communities that were negative in the mf survey. Low sensitivity in some studies was attributed to small mosquito sample sizes (<1,000) and very low mf prevalence (<0.25%). Human mf prevalence and mass drug administration status accounted for approximately half of the variation in MX rate (R 2 = 0.49, p<0.001). Data from longitudinal studies showed that, within a given study area, there is a strong linear relationship between MX rate and mf prevalence (R 2 = 0.78, p < 0.001). Conclusion MX shows clear potential as tool for detecting communities where LF is present and as a predictor of human mf prevalence.

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Lymphatic filariasis in Nilphamari district: An endemic area in Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Zoology ◽

10.3329/bjz.v46i1.37622 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

Hamida Khanum ◽

Iftekhar Hossain ◽

Fahmida Sarkar ◽

Rimi Farhana Zaman

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Current Status ◽

Age Group ◽

The Status ◽

Male Patients

The present study was carried out in Nilphamari district, Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari district and from randomly selected three villages of Nilphamari Sadar and Paurasava, Sayedpur, Domar, Dimla, Joldhaka and Kishoreganj. The objectives of this study were to find out the status of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Nilphamari district: An endemic area for LF in Bangladesh. The investigation was carried out among the inhabitants of the villages and the outdoor patients of Filaria Hospital in Nilphamari through a formatted questionnaire. The current status of this disease was 4.43% in Nilphamari Sadar and 3.25% in Paurasava, 4.10% in Sayedpur and similarly 4.82% in Domar, 5.86% in Dimla, 3.85% in Joldhaka and 4.70% in Kishoreganj. In Nilphamari district, it was found that male were more susceptible (58.84%) than female (41.16%). 76.22% male patients had hydrocoele and the disease showed its highest prevalence (41.16%) in the age group of 41-60 years.Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(1): 11-19, 2018

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Application of a household-based molecular xenomonitoring strategy to evaluate the lymphatic filariasis elimination program in Tamil Nadu, India

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0005519 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e0005519 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Swaminathan Subramanian ◽

Purushothaman Jambulingam ◽

Brian K. Chu ◽

Candasamy Sadanandane ◽

Venkatesan Vasuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Molecular Xenomonitoring

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Next Step Lymphatic Filariasis Eradication: Current Status in the Development of a Vaccine Against Lymphatic Filariasis

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

10.1007/978-981-13-1391-2_3 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 33-46

Author(s):

Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Current Status

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Molecular Xenomonitoring of Lymphatic Filariasis

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.591 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 591-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Moses J. Bockarie

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Molecular Xenomonitoring

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Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Nilphamari district, Bangladesh

Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujbs.v25i2.46332 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 103-111

Author(s):

Md Khalid Eakbal Anik ◽

Hamida Khanum ◽

Iftekhar Ahmed Rizvi ◽

Shahela Alam ◽

Hasina Banu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Low Income ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Income Group ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Current Status ◽

Social Risk ◽

Age Group ◽

Social Risk Factors

The present study was carried out in Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari to find out the current status of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Nilphamari district: An endemic area for lymphatic filariasis in Bangladesh. The inhabitants of the villages, the outdoor patients and hospitalized patients in Filaria Hospital were selected for the study. The current status and the prevalence of filariasis in Nilphamari district was 4.43%, in Nilphamari Sadar was 3.25% and 4.10% in Sayedpur, 4.82% in Domar, 5.86% in Dimla, 3.85% in Joldhaka and 4.70% in Kishoreganj. It was found that 58.84% filarial patients were male and 41.16% were female; highest prevalence of the disease was observed at the age group of 41 - 60 years. Illiteracy and poverty are the important social risk factors of this disease , about 45% patients were illiterate. Most of the infected patients were very poor and belong to low income group. Only 40.5% patients knew about filariasis. Only 26.1% patients used mosquito curtains. During the study period, it was found that 66.15% of hospitalized filarial patients were male and 33.85% were female, in the Filaria Hospital of Nilphamari. The highest outdoor patients in Nilphamari Hospital were of age group 40 - 59 years and 76.22% patients had hydrocele. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(2): 103-111, 2016 (July)

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