pathogen dna
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2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-160
Author(s):  
V. Gupta ◽  
◽  
M. Kumar ◽  
V. Singh ◽  
R.N. Sheokand ◽  
...  

Aim: To screen wheat populations derived from cross DBW17 × WH1105 for loci imparting yellow rust resistance and selection of plants using polymorphic SSRs. Methodology: The study for yellow rust resistance was carried out on two populations, i.e., BC1F2 and BC2F2. Stress was provided by planting infector rows between the blocks and by artificial inoculation using a mixture of races 46S102, 47S103 and 78S84 of stripe rust pathogen. DNA isolated from young leaves was checked for the presence of yellow rust resistance genes using gene specific primers. Results: Fifteen primers were found to be polymorphic among parents DBW17 and WH1105. Fifteen polymorphic SSR markers were dispersed over the wheat genome (AABBDD), with allele range 2-5. These polymorphic SSR markers were used to produce molecular diversity among progeny lines. Cluster analysis of parents and both the populations, showed that two parents were diverse genetically and in both backcrosses progeny lines resembled their respective recurrent parent. Single marker analysis using data revealed that primers on nine chromosomes were associated with grain yield per plant, other yield attributes and yellow rust resistance in both populations. Interpretation: This study showed that a linked marker like Xgwm582 could be a promising tool for breeding wheat with enhanced tolerance to yellow rust resistance. However, growth rates and biomass production provide reliable criteria for assessing the degree of yellow rust resistance and the ability of a plant to withstand it.


Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Marcela Gubišová ◽  
Martina Hudcovicová ◽  
Pavel Matušinský ◽  
Katarína Ondreičková ◽  
Lenka Klčová ◽  
...  

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) applied to soil have been recognized as water reservoirs that allow plants to cope with periods of drought. Their application as a seed coat makes water available directly to the seeds during their germination and early growth phase, but on the other hand, it can affect the efficiency of plant protection substances used in seed dressing. In our experiments, we evaluated the effect of seed coating with SAP on fungicide leaching and changes in their effectiveness in suppressing Fusarium culmorum infestation. Leaching of fungicide from wheat seeds coated with SAP after fungicide dressing, as measured by the inhibition test of mycelium growth under in vitro conditions, was reduced by 14.2–15.8% compared to seeds without SAP coating. Germination of maize seeds and growth of juvenile plants in artificially infected soil did not differ significantly between seeds dressed with fungicide alone and seeds treated with SAP and fungicide. In addition, plants from the seeds coated with SAP alone grew significantly better compared to untreated seeds. Real-time PCR also confirmed this trend by measuring the amount of pathogen DNA in plant tissue. Winter wheat was less tolerant to F. culmorum infection and without fungicide dressing, the seeds were unable to germinate under strong pathogen attack. In the case of milder infection, similar results were observed as in the case of maize seeds.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
E. V. Lazarenko ◽  
O. A. Gnusareva ◽  
L. I. Shaposhnikova ◽  
V. M. Dubyansky

The purpose of the research is the assessment of the Francisella tularensis occurrence in nature in ticks of the genus Dermacentor; understanding the physiological age in terms of tick infection with tularemia pathogen.Materials and methods. For the period from 2015 to 2019, we examined 8449 specimens of Dermacentor marginatus (916 pools), 8674 specimens of D. reticulatus (705 pools), and 109 specimens of D. niveus (40 pools) for tularemia infection. To assess the dependence of tularemia pathogen found in ticks of different physiological ages, we examined 2440 specimens of D. marginatus (360 pools), and 3349 specimens of D. reticulatus (412 pools) for the period from 2016 to 2019. Studies of ixodid ticks infected with tularemia pathogen were performed by the Natural Focal Infection Laboratory of the Stavropol Anti-Plague Institute. Pools of ixodid ticks were examined for the pathogen DNA of tularemia using reagent kits for identifying Francisella tularensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction with fluorescence hybridization of results recorded in real time.Results and discussion. The infection rate of the tularemia pathogen in ticks in the Central Pre-Caucasian region ranged from 0.044–1.127% in D. marginatus and 0.035–1.455% in D. reticulatus in different years. The greatest number of F. tularensis was isolated from the III physiological age ticks. For D. reticulatus ticks, no statistically significant dependence of the detected tularemia pathogen on physiological age was found.


2021 ◽  
pp. 131283
Author(s):  
Anna Klebes ◽  
Anna-Sophia Kittel ◽  
René D. Verboket ◽  
Felix von Stetten ◽  
Susanna M. Früh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska ◽  
Agnieszka Jodełko ◽  
Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka ◽  
Krzysztof Niemczuk

AbstractChlamydia gallinacea is one of the new Chlamydia species, encountered predominantly in birds and occasionally in cattle, and its dissemination, pathogenicity and zoonotic potential have not yet been fully elucidated. Until now, no case of clinical infection has been described in poultry, but the number of studies is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate the course of infection and the impact on production parameters in chicken broilers inoculated with the strain 15-56/1 isolated from a Polish flock. The presence of C. gallinacea was confirmed in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs by real-time PCR from the fifth day post inoculation (dpi). Pathogen DNA was also detected in many internal organs of inoculated chickens. All infected animals remained asymptomatic during the entire experimental period, although statistical analyses showed that broilers in the experimental group exhibited significantly lower body weight gains and feed conversion ratios than animals in the control group. These data indicate that subclinical C. gallinacea infection in broilers may lead to financial losses for poultry farmers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiumei Li ◽  
Shuoran Tian ◽  
Jiadi Liang ◽  
Jiqiang Fan ◽  
Junzhong Lai ◽  
...  

DNA immune recognition regulation mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in immune functions. Under normal physiological conditions, cGAS can recognize and bind to invading pathogen DNA and activate the innate immune response. On the other hand, abnormal activation of cGAS or STING is closely related to autoimmune diseases. In addition, activation of STING proteins as a bridge connecting innate immunity and adaptive immunity can effectively restrain tumor growth. Therefore, targeting the cGAS-STING pathway can alleviate autoimmune symptoms and be a potential drug target for treating cancer. This article summarizes the current progress on cGAS-STING pathway modulators and lays the foundation for further investigating therapeutic development in autoimmune diseases and tumors.


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12258
Author(s):  
Jason Pugh ◽  
Lisbeth Guethlein ◽  
Peter Parham

Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) comprise a diverse, highly polymorphic family of cell-surface glycoproteins that are principally expressed by Natural Killer (NK) cells. These innate immune lymphocytes fulfill vital functions in human reproduction and immune responses to viral infection. KIR3DL2 is an inhibitory NK cell receptor that recognizes a common epitope of the HLA-A3 and HLA-A11 class I glycoproteins of the major histocompatibility complex. KIR3DL2 also binds exogenous DNA containing the CpG motif. This interaction causes internalization of the KIR-DNA. Exogenous CpG-DNA typically activates NK cells, but the specificity of KIR3DL2-DNA binding and internalization is unclear. We hypothesized that KIR3DL2 binds exogenous DNA in a sequence-specific manner that differentiates pathogen DNA from self-DNA. In testing this hypothesis, we surveyed octameric CpG-DNA sequences in the human genome, and in reference genomes of all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, with focus on medically relevant species. Among all pathogens, the nucleotides flanking CpG motifs in the genomes of parasitic worms that infect humans are most divergent from those in the human genome. We cultured KIR3DL2+NKL cells with the commonest CpG-DNA sequences in either human or pathogen genomes. DNA uptake was negatively correlated with the most common CpG-DNA sequences in the human genome. These CpG-DNA sequences induced inhibitory signaling in KIR3DL2+NKL cells. In contrast, KIR3DL2+NKL cells lysed more malignant targets and produced more IFNγ after culture with CpG-DNA sequences prevalent in parasitic worms. By applying functional immunology to evolutionary genomics, we conclude that KIR3DL2 allows NK cells to differentiate self-DNA from pathogen DNA.


Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1428
Author(s):  
Diana M. Beristain-Ruiz ◽  
Cuauhcihuatl Vital-García ◽  
Julio V. Figueroa-Millán ◽  
José J. Lira-Amaya ◽  
Javier A. Garza-Hernández ◽  
...  

American bison (Bison bison) is listed as near-threatened and in danger of extinction in Mexico. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of several emerging pathogens at the Janos Biosphere Reserve (JBR), inhabited by one wild herd of American bison. Blood samples were collected from 26 American bison in the JBR. We tested for the presence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Rickettsia rickettsii DNA using nested and semi-nested PCR protocols performing duplicates in two different laboratories. Results showed three animals (11.5%) positive for B. burgdorferi s. l., three more (11.5%) for Rickettsia rickettsii, and four (19.2%) for B. bovis. Two individuals were co-infected with B. burgdorferi s. l. and B. bovis. We found no animals positive for A. marginale and B. bigemina. This is the first report in America of R. rickettsii in American bison. American bison has been described as an important reservoir for pathogens of zoonotic and veterinary importance; thus, the presence of tick-borne pathogen DNA in the JBR American bison indicates the importance of continuous wildlife health surveys.


Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Charlotte Manvell ◽  
Kelli Ferris ◽  
Ricardo Maggi ◽  
Edward B. Breitschwerdt ◽  
Erin Lashnits

Reservoir to multiple species of zoonotic pathogens, free-roaming cats (FRCs) interact with domestic and wild animals, vectors, and humans. To assess the potential for feline vector-borne pathogens to be vertically transmitted, this study surveyed ear tip and reproductive tissues of FRCs from two locations in the South Atlantic United States for Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species. We collected ovary (n = 72), uterus (n = 54), testicle (n = 74), and ear tip (n = 73) tissue from 73 cats, and fetal (n = 20) and placental (n = 19) tissue from 11 queens. Pathogen DNA was amplified utilizing qPCR, confirmed by sequencing. Cats were more frequently Bartonella henselae positive on reproductive tissues (19%, 14/73) than ear tip (5%, 4/73; p = 0.02). B. henselae was amplified from fetus (20%, 4/20) and placenta samples (11%, 2/19). Bartonella spp. infection was more common in cats from North Carolina (76%, 26/34) than Virginia (13%, 5/39; p < 0.0001). Fourteen percent (10/73) of both ear tip and reproductive tissues were positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. DNA was not amplified from any cat/tissue. These findings suggest that B. henselae preferentially infected cats’ reproductive tissue and reinforces the importance of investigating the potential for B. henselae vertical transmission or induction of reproductive failure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. e1009886
Author(s):  
Xiyan Wu ◽  
Chao Ning ◽  
Felix M. Key ◽  
Aida Andrades Valtueña ◽  
Aditya Kumar Lankapalli ◽  
...  

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) has infected humans for a long time, but its evolutionary history and geographic spread across Eurasia is still poorly understood. Here, we screened for pathogen DNA in 14 ancient individuals from the Bronze Age Quanergou cemetery (XBQ), Xinjiang, China. In 6 individuals we detected S. enterica. We reconstructed S. enterica genomes from those individuals, which form a previously undetected phylogenetic branch basal to Paratyphi C, Typhisuis and Choleraesuis–the so-called Para C lineage. Based on pseudogene frequency, our analysis suggests that the ancient S. enterica strains were not host adapted. One genome, however, harbors the Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7), which is thought to be involved in (para)typhoid disease in humans. This offers first evidence that SPI-7 was acquired prior to the emergence of human-adapted Paratyphi C around 1,000 years ago. Altogether, our results show that Salmonella enterica infected humans in Eastern Eurasia at least 3,000 years ago, and provide the first ancient DNA evidence for the spread of a pathogen along the Proto-Silk Road.


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