Stowaways in the history of science: The case of simian virus 40 and clinical research on federal prisoners at the US National Institutes of Health, 1960

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Stark ◽  
Nancy D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Research ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Federal Prisoners

Retrospectives: History of science in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-695
Author(s):  
JONATHAN SIMON
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Personal View ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Italian Science ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Secure Place

Although maybe not the most fashionable area of study today, French science has a secure place in the classical canon of the history of science. Like the Scientific Revolution and Italian science at the beginning of the seventeenth century, French science, particularly eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century French science, remains a safe, albeit conservative, bet in terms of history-of-science teaching and research. The classic trope of the passage of the flame of European science from Italy to Britain and France in the seventeenth and then eighteenth centuries is well established in overviews of the field. Specializing in research in this area is not, therefore, unreasonable as a career choice if you are aiming for a history-of-science position in Europe or even in the US. The Académie (royale) des sciences, with its state-sponsored model of collective research, provides a striking counterpoint to the amateur, more individualistic functioning of London's Royal Society – a foretaste of modernity in the institutionalization of science. Clearly naive, such a representation of French science serves as a good initial framework on which to hang half a century of critical historical research. If proof of the continued interest for eighteenth-century French science is needed, we can cite the Web-based project around Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie currently in progress under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences. The large number of publications in the history of French science (in English as well as French) make it unreasonable to pick out one or two for special attention here. But what about history of science in France and the academic community that practises this discipline today? Here, I offer a very personal view and analysis of this community, trying to underline contrasts with the history of science in the UK and the US.

Simian virus 40 sequences in blood specimens from healthy individuals of Casale Monferrato, an industrial town with a history of asbestos pollution

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Pancaldi ◽  
Veronica Balatti ◽  
Roberto Guaschino ◽  
Francesca Vaniglia ◽  
Alfredo Corallini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Industrial Town ◽  
History Of ◽  
Blood Specimens

scholarly journals Comparing Phylogenetic Codivergence between Polyomaviruses and Their Hosts

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 5663-5669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Pérez-Losada ◽  
Ryan G. Christensen ◽  
David A. McClellan ◽  
Byron J. Adams ◽  
Raphael P. Viscidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
Hamster Polyomavirus ◽  
Reconciliation Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bovine Polyomavirus ◽  
Avian Polyomavirus

ABSTRACT Seventy-two full genomes corresponding to nine mammalian (67 strains) and two avian (5 strains) polyomavirus species were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. Our fully resolved and well-supported (bootstrap proportions > 90%; posterior probabilities = 1.0) trees separate the bird polyomaviruses (avian polyomavirus and goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus) from the mammalian polyomaviruses, which supports the idea of spitting the genus into two subgenera. Such a split is also consistent with the different viral life strategies of each group. Simian (simian virus 40, simian agent 12 [Sa12], and lymphotropic polyomavirus) and rodent (hamster polyomavirus, mouse polyomavirus, and murine pneumotropic polyomavirus [MPtV]) polyomaviruses did not form monophyletic groups. Using our best hypothesis of polyomavirus evolutionary relationships and established host phylogenies, we performed a cophylogenetic reconciliation analysis of codivergence. Our analyses generated six optimal cophylogenetic scenarios of coevolution, including 12 codivergence events (P< 0.01), suggesting that Polyomaviridae coevolved with their avian and mammal hosts. As individual lineages, our analyses showed evidence of host switching in four terminal branches leading to MPtV, bovine polyomavirus, Sa12, and BK virus, suggesting a combination of vertical and horizontal transfer in the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses.

BK and JC Human Polyomaviruses and Simian Virus 40: Natural History of Infection in Humans, Experimental Oncogenicity, and Association with Human Tumors

1998 ◽  
pp. 69-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano ◽  
Fernanda Martini ◽  
Monica De Mattei ◽  
Lorena Lazzarin ◽  
Alfredo Corallini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Human Tumors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Polyomaviruses

scholarly journals If Science Is a Public Good, Why Do Scientists Own It?

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Good ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Club Good

I argue that if science is to be a public good, it must be made one. Neither science nor any other form of knowledge is naturally a public good. And given the history of science policy in the twentieth century, it would be reasonable to conclude that science is in fact what economists call a ‘club good’. I discuss this matter in detail in two contexts: (1) current UK efforts to create a version of the US DARPA that would focus on projects of larger, long-term societal interests – i.e. beyond the interests of the academic specialities represented in, say, the US NSF; (2) what I call the ‘organized hypocrisy’ involved in presenting science as a public good through the so-called ‘peer review’ process.

scholarly journals Unusual cause of fever, vision loss and super refractory status epilepticus in association with simian virus 40 (SV40)

2018 ◽  
pp. bcr-2018-225539
Author(s):  
Ayush Agarwal ◽  
Deepti Vibha ◽  
Rohan Chawla ◽  
Mehar Chand Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Brain Biopsy ◽  
Refractory Status Epilepticus ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Refractory Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conclusive Diagnosis

We present a case of a 23-year-old man with history of fever followed by painless complete vision loss, with subsequent new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). He initially developed bilateral retinitis. A few days later, he started having focal seizures, and subsequently developed super-refractory status epilepticus, requiring anaesthetic agents. MRI brain revealed multifocal cortical and subcortical hyperintensities in occipital and temporoparietal regions without contrast enhancement. MRI repeated a month later showed new lesions with non-visualisation of some previous lesions. Finally, a brain biopsy was done which revealed presence of lymphocytic infiltrate with SV40 inclusions in oligodendrocyte. We propose the affliction of an atypical virus affecting the retina and brain grey and white matter, presenting with NORSE in our patient. Future similar cases and isolation of the virus may help in establishing the conclusive diagnosis.

scholarly journals Another global history of science: making space for India and China

BJHS Themes ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 115-143
Author(s):  
ASIF SIDDIQI
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Global History ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
National Space ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge

AbstractDrawing from recent theoretical insights on the circulation of knowledge, this article, grounded in real-world examples, illustrates the importance of ‘the site’ as an analytical heuristic for revealing processes, movements and connections illegible within either nation-centred histories or comparative national studies. By investigating place instead of project, the study reframes the birth of modern rocket developments in both China and India as fundamentally intertwined within common global networks of science. I investigate four seemingly disconnected sites in the US, India, China and Ukraine, each separated by politics but connected and embedded in conduits that enabled the flow of expertise during (and in some cases despite) the Cold War. By doing so, it is possible to reconstruct an exemplar of a kind of global history of science, some of which takes place in China, some in India, and some elsewhere, but all of it connected. There are no discrete beginnings or endings here, merely points of intervention to take stock of processes in action. Each site produces objects and knowledge that contribute to our understanding of the other sites, furthering the overall narrative on Chinese and Indian efforts to formalize a ‘national’ space programme. The focus on these four sites reveals a global network of science in motion, linked by the common goals of building powerful rockets to explore space.

scholarly journals Mesothelioma Not Associated With Asbestos Exposure

2012 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Jasani ◽  
Allen Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Simian Virus 40 ◽  
Simian Virus ◽  
Polyoma Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Therapeutic Radiation ◽  
Virus Sv40

Context.—Despite asbestos being identified as the single most important cause of malignant mesothelioma, the tumor is known to occur in only 10% to 20% of heavily exposed individuals. In addition, about 20% of the patients have no history of asbestos exposure even after detailed assessment. Therefore, there has been speculation for some time that asbestos alone may not be sufficient to cause mesothelioma and that other factors may be involved either as cocarcinogens or as independent mechanisms of cancer causation. Objective.—To give a brief review of nonasbestos fiber erionite and therapeutic radiation as 2 established examples of asbestos-independent mechanisms, of the potential emerging role of man-made fibers such as carbon nanotubes, and of polyoma virus SV40 (simian virus 40) as a potential example of the cocarcinogenic mode of involvement. Data Sources.—Relevant recent literature has been surveyed to portray and provide the evidence in favor of the examples. Conclusions.—Erionite has emerged as the most important example of nonasbestos-mediated cause of mesothelioma in regions such as Turkey where exposure to this type of fiber is highly prevalent. Recently, the polyoma virus SV40 has been unexpectedly discovered as an effective cocarcinogen of asbestos in the causation of animal mesothelioma, though despite considerable research, its potential role in human mesothelioma remains unproven.

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