A comparison of litterbag and direct observation methods of Scots pine needle decomposition measurement

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2315-2318 ◽  
Author(s):  
C KURZBESSON ◽  
M COUTEAUX ◽  
J THIERY ◽  
B BERG ◽  
J REMACLE
2005 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Margalida ◽  
Joan Bertran ◽  
Jennifer Boudet

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael FitzGerald ◽  
Mia Mallory ◽  
Matthew Mittiga ◽  
Charles Schubert ◽  
Hamilton Schwartz ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The importance and benefits of direct observation in residency training have been underscored by a number of studies. Yet, implementing direct observation in an effective and sustainable way is hampered by demands on physicians' time and shrinking resources for educational innovation. Objective To describe the development and pilot implementation of a direct observation tool to assess the history and physical examination skills of interns in a pediatric emergency department rotation. Methods A task force developed specific history and physical examination checklists for a range of common conditions. For the pilot implementation, 10 pediatric emergency medicine faculty attendings conducted the initial observations of 34 interns during the course of 1 academic year. At the conclusion of the pilot, the faculty observers and interns were interviewed to assess the feasibility and benefits of the process. Results A total of 33 of the 34 interns were observed during their rotation, with 26 of the observations conducted when the faculty observer was off shift, and it took approximately 20 minutes to complete each observation. In terms of learning benefits, interns and faculty observers reported that it facilitated clear and useful feedback and revealed gaps that would not have otherwise been identified. Faculty observers also mentioned that it helped them focus their teaching effort, built empathy with learners, and gave them a way to demonstrate a true concern for their learning. Conclusion Our results offer evidence for the feasibility and benefits of the direct observation checklists. The description of the implementation, challenges, and response to those challenges may help others avoid some of the common problems faced when implementing direct observation methods.


Trees ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 378 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kukkola ◽  
Satu Huttunen ◽  
Jaana Bäck ◽  
Pasi Rautio

Oikos ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Berg ◽  
Bengt Wessén ◽  
Gunnar Ekbohm ◽  
Bjorn Berg ◽  
Bengt Wessen

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Repp ◽  
Gayla S. Nieminen ◽  
Ellen Olinger ◽  
Rita Brusca

The use of direct observation methods to collect data relevant to research and practice in special education is widespread. Although the reliability of such data has often been addressed, far less attention has focused on the accuracy of these data. The purposes of this article are (a) to review research on factors that adversely affect the accuracy of observers, and (b) to provide recommendations for reducing their possible influence. The areas discussed include reactivity, observer drift; the recording procedure; location of the observation; reliability; expectancy and feedback; and the characteristics of subjects, observers, and settings.


Author(s):  
Ināra Melece ◽  
Aina Karpa ◽  
Māris Laiviņš ◽  
Viesturs Melecis

Environmental quality assessment of the drainage basin of Lake Engure using Scots pine as a bioindicator Environmental quality assessment of the Lake Engure drainage area, which is the LT(S)ER region of the Latvian National Long-term Ecological Research network (Latvia LTER), was conducted using three bioindication methods based on Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L.: unspecific bioindication by pine needle tip necrosis, ground level ozone assessment by pine needle chlorotic mottling, and chemical analysis of pine bark. Samples were collected from 40 sites of the region in November 2010. Extent of needle tip necroses did not exceed class 4 (maximum possible value 6). The highest value of index of needle damage by ozone was Idam = 1.62 (maximum possible value 6). Multiple regression analysis of variables describing bark chemistry and needle damage in relation to distance from the sea, nearest roads and villages was performed. Pine bark acidity pH(KCl) and concentration of Mg and Fe decreased significantly (βpH(KCl) = -0.672, P < 0.001; βMg = -0.676, P < 0.001; βFe = -0.514, P < 0.001) with distance of sample site from gravel roads. Electric conductivity (EC) of pine bark and the extent of ozone damage of the first year needles Idam significantly decreased with distance from the sea (βozone = -0.507, P < 0.01; βEC = -0.453, P < 0.01). PCA of the pine bark chemistry data showed dust pollution from gravel roads to be the main factor responsible for the 33% variation of data. No statistically significant correlations were found between different bioindicator characteristics, except between first and second year ozone damage (ρ = 0.589, P = 0.01).


Author(s):  
В.А. Сенашова ◽  
И.Е. Сафронова ◽  
Т.Л. Вилкова

Естественная регенерация лесов играет важную роль в укреплении экологической целостности региона и является ключом к устойчивому лесному хозяйству. Создание новых лесных насаждений требует знания фитосанитарной ситуации. Цель данного исследования изучение видового разнообразия фитопатогенных микромицетов, вызывающих заболевания у сеянцев и подроста сосны обыкновенной на территории Нижнего Приангарья. Исследование фитопатогенных микромицетов сосны обыкновенной проводилось в 1996 2016 гг. на территории лесного питомника (Енисейское лесничество Маклаковский питомник) и в естественных лесах (Гремучинское, Манзенское и Мотыгинское лесничества). При диагностике заболеваний использовались макроскопический, микроскопический и микологический методы. Учитывался тип спороношения микромицетов, строение плодовых тел, размер спор и характер их расположения. В результате проведенного исследования на территории лесничеств Нижнего Приангарья идентифицированы следующие аскомицеты, вызывающие преждевременное отмирание хвои сосны обыкновенной как у сеянцев, так и у молодых сосен: Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley AND Millar, Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall., Gremmenia infestans (P. Karst.) Crous (Phacidium infestans P. Karst.), Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo AND Minter. В условиях лесного питомника диагностировались сосудистые поражения сеянцев, обусловленные деятельностью грибов Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Verticillium sp. Наиболее часто встречающейся болезнью сосны обыкновенной в ювенильной стадии среди искусственных и естественных насаждений является шютте, вызванное L. seditiosum. В условиях естественного возобновления содоминирующим заболеванием оказался язвенный (биаторелловый рак), вызываемый Sarea difformis. При этом наибольшая распространенность соснового подроста, инфицированного данным патогенном, зарегистрирована в лишайниковой группе типов леса, а наименьшая в осочковоразнотравной. Natural forest regeneration plays an important role in the enhancement of ecological integrity of the region and is a key to a sustainable forestry. To establish new forest plantations, extensive knowledge of phytosanitary situation is required. The goal of our research was to study phytopathogenic micromycetes that cause the decline in Scots pine seedlings in the Lower Priangarye. The study was carried out during the period from 1996 to 2016 at a forest nursery (Yenisei forestry Maklakovsky nursery) and natural forests (Gremuchinskoe, Manzenskoe, and Motyginskoe forestries). Macroscopic, microscopic, and mycological methods were used. The type of sporulation of micromycetes, the structure of fruit bodies, the size of spores and their locations were used for the analysis. We identified the following ascomycetes that cause the pine needle diseases, both in the seedlings and young pines: Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley AND Millar, Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall., Gremmenia infestans (P. Karst.) Crous (Phacidium infestans P. Karst.), Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo AND Minter. In a forest nursery conditions, vascular damage of seedlings due to the activity of the fungi Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Verticillium sp. were diagnosed. The most common disease of Scots pine in the juvenile stage among all seedlings of artificial and natural plantations was Lophodermium needle cast. In the natural regeneration conditions, the damage caused by Sarea difformis was a codominant disease. At the same time, the greatest prevalence of pine undergrowth infected with this pathogen was registered in the lichen pine forest, while the lowest was in the sedgeforb forest.


2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vittoria Tosi ◽  
Valentina Ferrante ◽  
Silvana Mattiello ◽  
Elisabetta Canali ◽  
Marina Verga

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håkan Staaf ◽  
Björn Berg

Plant nutrient dynamics in decomposing needle litter were measured during a 5-year period in a Scots pine forest in central Sweden. As seen over the whole 5-year period, the nutrients were retained (to a litter weight loss of about 75%) in the order Mn < Ca < K < Mg < S < N < P. During the first 1.5 years there was a net increase of N and P whereafter a net release took place. A similar but less pronounced development could be seen for S, whereas Ca, K, Mn, and Mg were released from the start of the incubation. It is suggested that P was the most limiting element for microbial activity during this first phase. There appeared to be only little initial leaching from the litter and the different behaviours of the elements could largely be explained by their concentration in litter in relation to the needs of microorganisms and to their solubility. K and Mg were the elements that were released at rates most similar to organic matter weight loss.


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