Effects of A2 type botulinum toxin on spontaneous miniature and evoked transmitter release from the rat spinal excitatory and inhibitory synapses

Toxicon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1315-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Akaike ◽  
Yushi Ito ◽  
Min-Chul Shin ◽  
Kiku Nonaka ◽  
Yasushi Torii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Evoked Transmitter Release ◽  
Excitatory And Inhibitory Synapses

Evidence for calcium-dependent vesicular transmitter release insensitive to tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin type F

Neuroscience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fassio ◽  
R. Sala ◽  
G. Bonanno ◽  
M. Marchi ◽  
M. Raiteri
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Transmitter Release ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Calcium Dependent

Why is the perceptual octave stretched? An account based on mismatched time constants within the auditory brainstem

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain de Cheveigné
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Coincidence Counting ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Direct Pathway ◽  
Lower Tone ◽  
Excitatory And Inhibitory Synapses

This paper suggests an explanation for listener’s greater tolerance to positive than negative mistuning of the higher tone within an octave pair. It hypothesizes a neu- ral circuit tuned to cancel the lower tone, that also cancels the higher tone if that tone is in tune. Imperfect cancellation is the cue to mistuning of the octave. The circuit involves two pathways, one delayed with respect to the other, that feed a coincidence-counting neuron via excitatory and inhibitory synapses. A mismatch between the time constants of these two synapses results in an asymmetry in sen- sitivity to mismatch. Specifically, if the time constant of the delayed pathway is greater than that of the direct pathway, there is a greater tolerance to positive than to negative mistuning, which can lead to a perceptual“stretch” of the octave. The model is applicable to both harmonic and – with qualification – melodic oc- taves. The paper describes the model and reviews the evidence from auditory psychophysics and physiology in favor – or against – it.

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