Abstract
Lung allografts have the shortest survival of any solid organ transplant. The leading cause of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). The aetiology of BOS remains poorly understood, with infections, immunosuppression and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) amongst the proposed co-factors. A recent systematic review of GORD and BOS examined six retrospective case series with relatively small numbers and conflicting results. Our dataset is the largest cohort reported to date.
Methods
Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database containing 149 consecutive lung transplant recipients undergoing laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication. A single expert surgeon (>5000 procedures) with published high-quality long-term outcomes in the non-transplant population did the operations. All were referred with symptoms of GORD and/or positive 24-hour ambulatory pH study. FEV1 was measured at three time points before (6, 3 and 1 month) and after (3, 6 and 12 months) surgery. Data were analysed using random intercept generalised linear (mixed) models to examine changes in FEV1 across time, as well as graphical methods (least squares method for FEV1 trendlines and two-tailed t-test).
Results
Median age was 56 (IQR 44–66) years; 84/149 were male. 132 had bilateral sequential single lung transplantation. The underlying pathologies were representative—emphysema, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease. 8 patients died within 6 months of fundoplication. Using a linear mixed model there was no significant change in FEV1 across time after surgery compared with the last pre-operative measurement (p = 0.48). A significant reduction in FEV1 was seen in those undergoing fundoplication after CLAD was diagnosed (1.47 L, 95% CI 1.21–1.72, p < 0.001). There was no change in trajectory of FEV1 when trendlines for each patient were analysed (p = 0.777).
Conclusion
As with any solid organ transplant, lung allografts unfortunately suffer failure with time. Laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication performed in a high-volume centre by an experienced surgeon did not appear to alter this. In particular, once CLAD is diagnosed it seems that the decline in function (FEV1) is accelerated and cannot be salvaged by fundoplication. A minority of patients had their declining FEV1 stabilised or improved by surgery, but it is not yet possible to predict response.
Risk of solid organ transplant rejection following vaccination with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in England: A self-controlled case-series
