Changes in left thoracic duct lymph flow during progressive anemia in the ovine fetus

Although it is known that left thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the ovine fetus is several times that in the adult relative to body weight, the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fetal blood volume has not been explored. In the present study, the left thoracic lymph duct was drained without return to the fetal circulation in 10 chronically catheterized animals for 7 h. Four experiments in which the lymph was returned to the circulation served as control. During the 7-h drainage, the total volume drained was 174.4 +/- 19.6 ml. Thoracic duct lymph flow rate decreased gradually and averaged 22.2 +/- 3.4% (SE) below control at 6-7 h compared with a small increase in the control experiments (analysis of variance: P = 0.0013 comparing 2 groups). Fetal blood volume decreased (P < 0.0001) by 8.2 +/- 1.1% at 3 h because of a decrease in plasma volume with a further small decrease in blood volume to 9.7 +/- 0.9% below normal at 7 h. The decreases in blood volume at 1, 3, 5, and 7 h were 49.5, 40.2, 24.6, and 21.7%, respectively, of the volume of lymph that was drained. Fetal vascular pressures and heart rate did not change significantly. Although protein concentrations in plasma (-6.8 +/- 1.3%) and lymph (-7.5 +/- 2.1%) decreased, the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio remained constant at 0.72 +/- 0.01.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Effect of PEEP on the rate of thoracic duct lymph flow and clearance of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity

The American Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1016/0002-9610(83)90178-2 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 145 (1) ◽

pp. 126-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Michael Last ◽

Lewis Kurtz ◽

Theodore A. Stein ◽

Leslie Wise

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Cavity ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Duct Lymph

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Thoracic duct lymph flow and its measurement in chronically catheterized sheep fetus

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.1.h16 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 256 (1) ◽

pp. H16-H20 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. A. Brace

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Computer Technique ◽

Venous Circulation ◽

Duct Lymph ◽

Unit Body Weight ◽

Sheep Fetus

A method was developed for chronic catheterization of the left thoracic lymph duct at the base of the neck in the sheep fetus, which did not disrupt the other major lymphatic vessels that join the venous circulation at the same location. The lymphatic catheter was connected to a catheter in a jugular vein when lymph flow was not being recorded, so that the lymph continuously returned to the fetal circulation. Special consideration of catheter size to minimize flow resistance and treatment to prevent clotting were required. Individual animals were maintained up to 17 days with lymph flow continuing. In 13 fetuses averaging 128 days gestation (term = 147 days) at the time of catheterization, lymph flow rate was measured for 1 h each day for the first 7 postsurgical days with an on-line computer technique that continuously calculated lymph flow rate. Lymph flow averaged 0.64 +/- 0.17 (SD) ml/min in fetuses weighing 2.3-4 kg and tended to undergo a nonsignificant increase with time. Lymph and plasma protein concentrations did not change with time. In individual fetuses, large spontaneous variations in lymph flow rate occurred over periods of several seconds to a few minutes. Analysis showed that these variations in flow rate were not associated with fetal breathing movements. Thus the present study describes a technique for studying the dynamics of lymph flow in the unanesthetized sheep fetus in utero over a time period limited primarily by the length of gestation. In addition, it appears that thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the fetus per unit body weight averages three to four times that in the adult.

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Chronic lymph flow and transcapillary fluid flux during angiotensin II hypertension

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.6.r1205 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 259 (6) ◽

pp. R1205-R1213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Valenzuela-Rendon ◽

R. D. Manning

Keyword(s):

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Plasma Protein ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Protein Transport ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Ang Ii ◽

Fluid Flux ◽

Duct Lymph

The roles of the transvascular fluid flux and lymph flow in the distribution of extracellular fluid volume during angiotensin II (ANG II) hypertension were evaluated in 11 conscious dogs. Similarly, the factors regulating the distribution of plasma protein across the microvasculature were assessed. By the second day of ANG II infusion, the thoracic duct lymph flow had increased 58% above control, transcapillary fluid flux had increased 45%, and plasma volume, sulfate space, and interstitial fluid volume remained close to control. In addition, the thoracic duct lymph protein transport had increased 34%, and the accompanying increase in transcapillary protein flux prevented any change in plasma protein mass. Also, at this time, the lymph flow and protein transport from subcutaneous tissue in the hind limb were not increased, and the permeability-surface area product of this region decreased 40%. The origin of the increased thoracic duct lymph flow on day 2 probably was from the splanchnic bed. In conclusion, the increased lymph flow during ANG II hypertension compensated for the increase in transcapillary fluid flux, thus preventing edema formation.

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Thoracic duct lymph and lymphocytes during primary hypoxia and rebound

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1965.208.6.1243 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 208 (6) ◽

pp. 1243-1246 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. A. Evans ◽

R. A. F. Garnett ◽

J. M. Yoffey

Keyword(s):

Control Animal ◽

Thoracic Duct ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Control Level ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Total Cell ◽

Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽

Simulated Altitude ◽

Cell Content ◽

Duct Lymph

Thoracic duct lymph flow and lymphocytes were first studied in 18 normal guinea pigs. Similar studies were then made on a) 25 guinea pigs placed in a decompression chamber at a simulated altitude of 14,000 ft for times ranging from 1 to 5 days, this being the period of "primary hypoxia" during which erythropoiesis is stimulated and polycythemia develops, and b) 25 guinea pigs exposed to primary hypoxia for 5 days, then kept in room air for times ranging from 1 to 5 days, this period of posthypoxic polycythemia being known as "rebound." By the end of rebound the polycythemia had almost disappeared. The flow of thoracic duct lymph increased significantly from a control level of 0.86 ± 0.21 ml/hr to 1.23 ± 0.1 ml/hr by the 5th day of primary hypoxia, and to a peak of 1.89 ± 0.23 ml/hr by the 3rd day of rebound, falling slightly to 1.56 ± 0.14 ml/hr by the 5th day of rebound, when it was still markedly above control level. The total cell content of the lymph also rose significantly, from 34.5 ± 10.3 x 106 lymphocytes/hr in the control animal to 59.1 ± 8.9 x 106 /hr on the 5th day of primary hypoxia, and to a peak of 93.8 ± 23.0 x 106 on the 3rd day of rebound.

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