Pharmacoclinical dosing strategy in neuroleptic resistant schizophrenic patients treated by clozapine: Clinical evolution, plasma and red blood cell clozapine and desmethylclozapine and whole blood serotonin

BACKGROUND: The effects of temperature on micro-rheological variables have not been completely revealed yet. OBJECTIVE: To investigate micro-rheological effects of heat treatment in human, rat, dog, and porcine blood samples. METHODS: Red blood cell (RBC) - buffer suspensions were prepared and immersed in a 37, 40, and 43°C heat-controlled water bath for 10 minutes. Deformability, as well as mechanical stability of RBCs were measured in ektacytometer. These tests were also examined in whole blood samples at various temperatures, gradually between 37 and 45°C in the ektacytometer. RESULTS: RBC deformability significantly worsened in the samples treated at 40 and 43°C degrees, more expressed in human, porcine, rat, and in smaller degree in canine samples. The way of heating (incubation vs. ektacytometer temperation) and the composition of the sample (RBC-PBS suspension or whole blood) resulted in the different magnitude of RBC deformability deterioration. Heating affected RBC membrane (mechanical) stability, showing controversial alterations. CONCLUSION: Significant changes occur in RBC deformability by increasing temperature, showing inter-species differences. The magnitude of alterations is depending on the way of heating and the composition of the sample. The results may contribute to better understanding the micro-rheological deterioration in hyperthermia or fever.

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Application of the Colorimetric Whole-Blood Method to the Measurement of Bovine Red-Blood-Cell Cholinesterase Activity

Journal of Economic Entomology ◽

10.1093/jee/51.3.326 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 326-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

William E. Robbins ◽

Theokore L. Hopkins ◽

A. R. Roth

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Cholinesterase Activity

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Desensitization of Adrenaline-Induced Red Blood Cell H+ Extrusion in Vitro After Chronic Exposure of Rainbow Trout to Moderate Environmental Hypoxia

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.156.1.233 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 233-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. THOMAS ◽

R. KINKEAD ◽

P. J. WALSH ◽

C. M. WOOD ◽

S. F. PERRY

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Adrenergic Stimulation ◽

Plasma Adrenaline ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood

The sensitivity of red blood cell Na+/H+ exchange to exogenous adrenaline was assessed in vitro using blood withdrawn from catheterized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintained under normoxic conditions [water PO2, (PwO2)=20.66 kPa] or after exposure to moderate hypoxia (PwO2=6.67-9.33 kPa) for 48 h, which chronically elevated plasma adrenaline, but not noradrenaline, levels. Peak changes in whole-blood extracellular pH over a 30 min period after adding 50–1000 nmoll−1 adrenaline were employed as an index of sensitivity; the blood was pre-equilibrated to simulate arterial blood gas tensions in severely hypoxic fish (PaO2=2.0 kPa, PaCO2=0.31 kPa). Blood pooled from normoxic fish displayed a dose-dependent reduction in whole-blood pH after addition of adrenaline. Blood pooled from three separate groups of hypoxic fish, however, displayed diminished sensitivity to adrenaline, ranging from complete desensitization to a 60%reduction of the response. Subsequent experiments performed on blood from individual (i.e. not pooled) normoxic or hypoxic fish demonstrated an inverse correlation between the intensity of H+ extrusion (induced by exogenous adrenaline addition) and endogenous plasma adrenaline levels at the time of blood withdrawal. However, acute increases in plasma adrenaline levels in vitro did not affect the responsiveness of the red blood cell to subsequent adrenergic stimulation. The intensity of H+ extrusion was inversely related to the PaO2in vivo between 2.67 and 10.66 kPa, and directly related to the logarithm of the endogenous plasma adrenaline level. The results suggest that desensitization of Na+/H+ exchange in chronically hypoxic fish is related to persistent elevation of levels of this catecholamine. This desensitization can be reversed in vitro as a function of time, but only when blood is maintained under sufficiently aerobic conditions.

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Characterization of erythrocyte quality during the refrigerated storage of whole blood containing di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v64.6.1270.1270 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 1270-1276 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

TN Estep ◽

RA Pedersen ◽

TJ Miller ◽

KR Stupar

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Refrigerated Storage ◽

Cell Integrity ◽

Normal Morphology ◽

Plasma Hemoglobin ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Ethylhexyl Phthalate

Abstract Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) accumulates in blood brought into contact with materials utilizing this compound as a plasticizer. To determine whether this phthalate diester affects red blood cell integrity, we have compared cell morphology, plasma hemoglobin accumulation, micro-vesicle production, and the concentration of intracellular metabolites and electrolytes of erythrocytes from blood stored at 4 degrees C with and without DEHP. When sufficient emulsified DEHP was mixed with blood to give a final concentration of 300 micrograms/mL, plasma hemoglobin accumulation was reduced by an average of 70%, the percentage of cells exhibiting normal morphology was enhanced by at least 20-fold, and the volume of microvesicles released from red blood cells was reduced by 50% after 35 days of refrigerated storage compared to the values obtained from corresponding samples stored without added phthalate. Similar effects were observed regardless of whether blood was stored in nonplasticized polypropylene or tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate plasticized polyvinylchloride containers and with DEHP solubilized by a variety of emulsifiers. When 300 micrograms/mL DEHP was added to stored blood containing erythrocytes predominantly in the echinocyte conformation, many of the cells reverted to the normal discoid morphology. The addition of this quantity of DEHP to blood had no significant effect on the course of storage-induced changes in erythrocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), sodium or potassium concentrations. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that DEHP inhibits the deterioration of the red blood cell membrane that results from the refrigerated storage of whole blood.

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A physiometer for simultaneous measurement of whole blood viscosity and its determinants: hematocrit and red blood cell deformability

The Analyst ◽

10.1039/c8an02135j ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 144 (9) ◽

pp. 3144-3157 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Byung Jun Kim ◽

Ye Sung Lee ◽

Alexander Zhbanov ◽

Sung Yang

Keyword(s):

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Blood Viscosity ◽

Simultaneous Measurement ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Cell Deformability ◽

Whole Blood Viscosity ◽

Red Blood Cell Deformability ◽

Rbc Deformability

In this study, a microfluidic-based physiometer capable of measuring the whole blood viscosity, hematocrit, and red blood cell (RBC) deformability on a chip is introduced.

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