AbstractBillions of people subject themselves to phase-shifting light signals on a weekly basis by remaining active later at night and sleeping in later on weekends relative to weekday for up to a 3hr weekend light shift (WLS). Unnatural light signals disrupt circadian rhythms and physiology and behavior. Real-time light responses of mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus are unmeasurable at single cell resolution. We compared Drosophila whole-circadian circuit responses between unshifted daytime/nighttime schedule and a 3hr WLS schedule at the single-cell resolution in cultured adult Drosophila brains using real-time bioluminescence imaging of the PERIOD protein for 11 days to determine how light shifts alter biological clock entrainment and stability. We find that circadian circuits show highly synchronous oscillations across all major circadian neuronal subgroups in unshifted light schedules. In contrast, circadian circuits exposed to a WLS schedule show significantly dampened oscillator synchrony and rhythmicity in most circadian neurons during, and after exposure. The WLS schedule first desynchronizes lateral ventral neuron (LNv) oscillations and the LNv are the last to resynchronize upon returning to a simulated weekday schedule. Surprisingly, one circadian subgroup, the dorsal neuron group-3 (DN3s), robustly increase their within-group synchrony in response to WLS exposure. Intact adult flies exposed to the WLS schedule show post-WLS transient defects in sleep stability, learning, and memory. Our findings suggest that WLS schedules disrupt circuit-wide circadian neuronal oscillator synchrony for much of the week, thus leading to observed behavioral defects in sleep, learning, and memory.Significance StatementThe circadian clock controls numerous aspects of daily animal physiology, metabolism and behavior. Shift work in humans is harmful. Our understanding of circadian circuit-level oscillations stem from ex vivo imaging of mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) brain slices. However, our knowledge is limited to investigations without direct interrogation of phase-shifting light signals. We measured circuit-level circadian responses to a WLS protocol in light sensitive ex vivo Drosophila whole-brain preparation and find robust sub-circuit-specific oscillator desynchrony/resynchrony responses to light. These circuit-level behaviors correspond to our observed functional defects in learning and memory, and sleep pattern disruption in vivo. Our results reflect that WLS cause circadian-circuit desynchronization and correlate with disrupted cognitive and sleep performance.
Daily rhythms and sex differences in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIPR2 receptor and arginine vasopressin mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent,Arvicanthis niloticus
