Serum Progesterone, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, and Prolactin in Early Pregnancy and a Case of Spontaneous Abortion

AbstractHuman chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is used parenterally for treatment of threatened abortions and repeated spontaneous abortion in pregnant women. No controlled epidemiological studies of preterm birth and low birthweight newborns in pregnant women with HCG treatment have been published while the results of animal investigations were controversial. The data of 97 pregnant women with HCG treatment in the second and third months of pregnancy due to threatened abortion and/or previous spontaneous abortion(s) was compared with the data of other 38,054 pregnant women in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities. There was no difference in mean gestational age at delivery and birth weight, in addition the rate of preterm birth and low birthweight newborns. Parenteral HCG treatment in the early pregnancy due to threatened abortion did not associate with a higher risk for preterm births or low birthweight newborns. However, a higher occurrence of gestational diabetes was found in pregnant women with HCG treatment and there was a slight male excess among newborn infants (p=0.06).

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Combined use of progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin determinations for differential diagnosis of very early pregnancy**Supported by the Swedish Medical Research Council (grant no. 8683) and the Göteborg Medical Society, Göteborg, Sweden.

Fertility and Sterility ◽

10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54173-9 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 492-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Mats Hahlin ◽

Peter Sjöblom ◽

Bo Lindblom

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Medical Research ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Research Council ◽

Medical Research Council ◽

Medical Society ◽

Combined Use ◽

Swedish Medical

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Association of higher pregnancy rates with low serum progesterone levels (by radioimmunoassay) at the time of human chorionic gonadotropin not corroborated when using a nonisotopic immunoassay

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics ◽

10.1007/bf01213437 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 384-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jerome H. Check ◽

Deborah Lurie ◽

Linda Hoover ◽

Lisa Stumpo ◽

Donna Summers

Keyword(s):

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Pregnancy Rates ◽

Serum Progesterone ◽

Low Serum

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Pregnancy and obstetric complications in women with autoimmune diseases

Practical management of the pregnant patient with rheumatic disease ◽

10.1093/med/9780198845096.003.0011 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 125-142

Author(s):

D. Ware Branch

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Normal Pregnancy ◽

Obstetric Complications ◽

Optimal Management ◽

Foetal Development ◽

Rheumatic Conditions

For most women, pregnancy is suspected when the symptoms of early pregnancy develop—these include breast soreness or tenderness, fatigue, nausea, and missed menses. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is first detectable using sensitive tests in the urine and blood of pregnant women 8–10 days after conception (day 22–24 of a 28-day menstrual cycle). Concentrations of hCG rise rapidly in early pregnancy, peak at 9–10 weeks, and decline thereafter to a nadir at 20 weeks. Understanding embryo-foetal development and maternal physiological accommodation to pregnancy is required for the optimal management of pregnancy in women with autoimmune diseases. This chapter reviews the important developmental and physiologic aspects of normal pregnancy and both common and unique obstetric complications associated with selected rheumatic conditions.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and the Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy

Management of Common Problems in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1002/9781444323030.ch96 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 426-428

Author(s):

Rene B. Allen ◽

Mario J. Pineda ◽

Frank Z. Stanczyk ◽

Richard J. Paulson

Keyword(s):

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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Lipid Profiling of Peri-implantation Endometrium in Patients With Premature Progesterone Rise in the Late Follicular Phase

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2019-00793 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 5555-5565 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jingjie Li ◽

Yue Gao ◽

Lihuan Guan ◽

Huizhen Zhang ◽

Pan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Lipid Profiling ◽

Male Factor ◽

Serum Progesterone ◽

Late Follicular Phase

Abstract Context Late follicular phase elevation in serum progesterone (P) during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation negatively affects the outcome of assisted reproductive technology by contributing to endometrial-embryo asynchrony. There are still no data on lipid metabolite alterations during this process. Objectives To investigate alterations in the lipid profile during the window of implantation in patients with premature P rise. Design Lipidomic variations in the endometrium were evaluated by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. Setting University assisted reproductive medicine unit. Patients or Other Participants Forty-three patients undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection because of a tubal factor or male factor infertility were included in this study. The patients were divided into a high P group (P ≥ 1.5 ng/mL, 15 patients) and a normal P group (P < 1.5 ng/mL, 28 patients) on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration. Interventions The endometrial tissues were obtained by Pipelle biopsy 7 days after human chorionic gonadotropin administration. Main Outcome Measures Alterations in lipid metabolites. Results A total of 1026 ions were identified, and 25 lipids were significantly upregulated. The endometrial lipid profile was characterized by substantial increases in the concentrations of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, diacylglycerol, ceramide, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine in patients with a premature P rise at the end of the follicular phase. The correlation analysis between P levels and lipids showed a stronger negative correlation between phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylserine and P levels. Conclusions Premature P elevation disrupts the lipid homeostasis of the endometrium during the peri-implantation period. The altered lipid levels may impair endometrial receptivity and early embryo implantation.

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