Morphology, chemistry and growth mechanisms of calcite concretions from an industrial water-softening process: implications for the origin of natural ooids in sediments

1999 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Rankin ◽  
P.J.C. Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Water ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Softening Process

scholarly journals Exploiting the ion-exchange ability of titanate nanotubes in a model water softening process

2014 ◽  
Vol 591 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Madarász ◽  
Imre Szenti ◽  
András Sápi ◽  
János Halász ◽  
Ákos Kukovecz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Titanate Nanotubes ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Softening Process ◽  
Model Water

Application of membrane techniques in a water softening process

Desalination ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 145 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bodzek ◽  
Stanisław Koter ◽  
Klaudia Wesołowska
Keyword(s):  
Water Softening ◽  
Softening Process

scholarly journals Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Danny Reible
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Capacitive Deionization ◽  
Constant Voltage ◽  
Water Softening

Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+ removal efficiency under varying applied voltage and varying initial concentration ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ were observed. A cut-off CV mode, which was operated to maximize Ca2+ removal efficiency per cycle, was found to lead to a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 0.061 kWh/mole removed Ca2+ for partially softening industrial water and 0.077 kWh/m3 removed Ca2+ for slightly softening tap water at a water recovery of 0.5. This is an order of magnitude less than reported values for other softening techniques. MCDI should be explored more fully as an energy efficient means of water softening.

EQUILIBRIUM PERFORMANCES OF CRYSTAL-RIGHTTM CR100 ZEOLITE USED IN WATER SOFTENING PROCESS

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Lazar ◽  
Bogdan Bandrabur ◽  
Ramona-Elena Tataru-Farmus ◽  
Mioara Drobota ◽  
Silviu-Gabriel Stroe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Softening ◽  
Softening Process

Study on the Reuse of Solid Waste from Coal-Fired Power Plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2031-2035
Author(s):  
Dong Mei Li ◽  
Xue Feng Dong ◽  
Yang Guo ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Wen Long Wu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Coal Ashes ◽  
Softening Process

Lime residuals left from water softening process reused as desulferizer in the coal-fired power plants has been reported. The active composition (CaO) is 43.06 %. 98.77% of lime residuals are particles smaller than 45 µm. The dissolution rate of lime residuals is higher than that of limestone. The results show that the reuse of lime residuals shall facilitate the absorbance of SO2 and enhance the efficiency of desulfurization. Additional corrosion of apparatus and pipes, the slurry bubble or overflow has not been observed during the experiment. The water consumption can be largely reduced, and the gypsum matches the reuse standard. Coal ashes and gypsum are concluded for many kinds of applications.

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