scholarly journals Effects of a low fat diet with and without intermittent saturated fat and cholesterol ingestion on plasma lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein levels in normal volunteers

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-969
Author(s):  
M A Denke ◽  
J L Breslow
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Low Fat Diet

scholarly journals Low Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: What We Don't Know and Why we Should Know It

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seid ◽  
Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Cholesterol Intake

In the 1940s, the diet-heart hypothesis proposed that high dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake promoted coronary heart disease in “at-risk“ individuals. This hypothesis prompted federal recommendations for a low-fat diet for “high risk” patients and as a preventive health measure for everyone except infants. The low carbohydrate diet, first used to treat type 1 diabetes, became a popular obesity therapy with the Atkins diet in the 1970s. Its predicted effectiveness was based largely on the hypothesis that insulin is the causa prima of weight gain and regain via hyperphagia and hypometabolism during and after weight reduction, and therefore reduced carbohydrate intake would promote and sustain weight loss. Based on literature reviews, there are insufficient randomized controlled inpatient studies examining the physiological significance of the mechanisms proposed to support one over the other. Outpatient studies can be confounded by poor diet compliance such that the quality and quantity of the energy intake cannot be ascertained. Many studies also fail to separate macronutrient quantity from quality. Overall, there is no conclusive evidence that the degree of weight loss or the duration of reduced weight maintenance are significantly affected by dietary macronutrient quantity beyond effects attributable to caloric intake. Further work is needed.

Abstract 128: Short-Term, High-Saturated and Trans Fatty Acid Diet Increases Expression of Key Intestinal Genes Involved in Lipoprotein Metabolism in Healthy Males

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André J Tremblay ◽  
Benoit Lamarche ◽  
Valerie Guay ◽  
Valery Lemelin ◽  
Patrick Couture
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Apolipoprotein B ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Key Genes

Dietary saturated fat (SFA) and trans fatty acids (TFA) have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mainly by increasing plasma LDL-C levels. The modulation of cholesterol and fatty acids homeostasis by SFA and TFA is thought to be mediated by changes in expression of key intestinal genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. However, the short-term impact of dietary fat intake on expression of these genes has not been fully investigated. To test whether short-term changes in SFA and TFA intake affects expression of key intestinal genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study using an intensive dietary modification in 12 nonobese healthy men with normal plasma lipid profile. Participants were subjected to 2 isocaloric 3-day diets: 1) high-fat diet (37% energy from fat, 15% from SFA, 3.5% from TFA and 50% energy from carbohydrate) and 2) low-fat diet (25% energy from fat, 6% from SFA, 0% from TFA and 62% energy from carbohydrate) in random order, each separated by a two-week washout period. Fasting plasma lipid levels were determined and expression of key genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism was compared by real-time PCR quantification in duodenal biopsy specimens obtained in the fasted state after 3 days of feeding on each diet. Following the 3-day high-fat diet, plasma-C (+7.4%, P=0.02), LDL-C (+16.9%, P=0.005) and HDL-C (+9.3%, P=0.002) levels were significantly increased as compared to low-fat diet. Plasma triglycerides (-31.7%, P=0.001) and apolipoprotein B-48 (-39.6%, P=0.003) levels were significantly decreased after the high-fat diet relative to the low-fat diet. The high-fat diet also resulted in significant increases in intestinal mRNA expression levels of SREBP-2, HNF-4α, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, NPC1L1, ABCG8, FABP-2, ACAC-α, SCD-1, ELOVL5, DGAT-2, apolipoprotein B, MTTP, SAR1β and LDL receptor. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to a high-SFA and TFA diet upregulates the expression of key genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism at the enterocyte level.

Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (6) ◽  
pp. E1352-E1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqin Wang ◽  
Len H. Storlien ◽  
Xu-Feng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Pufa Group ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Some, but not all, fats are obesogenic. The aim of the present studies was to investigate the effects of changing type and amount of dietary fats on energy balance, fat deposition, leptin, and leptin-related neural peptides: leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), in C57Bl/6J mice. One week of feeding with a highly saturated fat diet resulted in ∼50 and 20% reduction in hypothalamic arcuate NPY and AgRP mRNA levels, respectively, compared with a low-fat or an n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated high-fat (PUFA) diet without change in energy intake, fat mass, plasma leptin levels, and leptin receptor or POMC mRNA. Similar neuropeptide results were seen at 7 wk, but by then epididymal fat mass and plasma leptin levels were significantly elevated in the saturated fat group compared with low-fat controls. In contrast, fat and leptin levels were reduced in the n-3 PUFA group compared with all other groups. At 7 wk, changing the saturated fat group to n-3 PUFA for 4 wk completely reversed the hyperleptinemia and increased adiposity and neuropeptide changes induced by saturated fat. Changing to a low-fat diet was much less effective. In summary, a highly saturated fat diet induces obesity without hyperphagia. A regulatory reduction in NPY and AgRP mRNA levels is unable to effectively counteract this obesogenic drive. Equally high fat diets emphasizing PUFAs may even protect against obesity.

scholarly journals Flow-mediated vasodilation is not impaired when HDL-cholesterol is lowered by substituting carbohydrates for monounsaturated fat

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. de Rose ◽  
Michiel L. Bots ◽  
Els Siebelink ◽  
Evert Schouten ◽  
Martijin B. Katan
Keyword(s):  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Flow Mediated Vasodilation ◽  
Stable Flow

Low-fat diets, in which carbohydrates replace some of the fat, decrease serum cholesterol. This decrease is due to decreases in LDL-cholesterol but in part to possibly harmful decreases in HDL-cholesterol. High-oil diets, in which oils rich in monounsaturated fat replace some of the saturated fat, decrease serum cholesterol mainly through LDL-cholesterol. We used these two diets to investigate whether a change in HDL-cholesterol would change flow-mediated vasodilation, a marker of endothelial function. We fed thirty-two healthy volunteers two controlled diets in a 2×3·5 weeks' randomised cross-over design to eliminate variation in changes due to differences between subjects. The low-fat diet contained 59·7 % energy (en%) as carbohydrates and 25·7 en% as fat (7·8 en% as monounsaturates); the oil-rich diet contained 37·8 en% as carbohydrates and 44·4 en% as fat (19·3 en% as monounsaturates). Average (SD) SERUM HDL-CHOLESTEROL AFTER THE LOW-FAT DIET WAS 0·21 (sd 0·12) mmol/l (8·1 mg/dl) lower than after the oil-rich diet. Serum triacylglycerols were 0·22 (sd 0·28) mmol/l (19·5 mg/dl) higher after the low-fat diet than after the oil-rich diet. Serum LDL and homocysteine concentrations remained stable. Flow-mediated vasodilation was 4·8 (SD 2·9) after the low-fat diet and 4·1 (SD 2·7) after the oil-rich diet (difference 0·7 %; 95 % CI -0·6, 1·9). Thus, although the low-fat diet produced a lower HDL-cholesterol than the high-oil diet, flow-mediated vasodilation, an early marker of cardiovascular disease, was not impaired.

scholarly journals Comparison of Ketogenic Diets with and without Ketone Salts versus a Low-Fat Diet: Liver Fat Responses in Overweight Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 966
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Crabtree ◽  
Madison L. Kackley ◽  
Alexandru Buga ◽  
Brandon Fell ◽  
Richard A. LaFountain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Liver Health ◽  
Overweight Adults

Ketogenic diets (KDs) often contain high levels of saturated fat, which may increase liver fat, but the lower carbohydrate intake may have the opposite effect. Using a controlled feeding design, we compared liver fat responses to a hypocaloric KD with a placebo (PL) versus an energy-matched low-fat diet (LFD) in overweight adults. We also examined the added effect of a ketone supplement (KS). Overweight adults were randomized to a 6-week KD (KD + PL) or a KD with KS (KD + KS); an LFD group was recruited separately. All diets were estimated to provide 75% of energy expenditure. Weight loss was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Liver fat assessed by magnetic resonance imaging decreased after 6 week (p = 0.004) with no group differences (p > 0.05). A subset with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (liver fat > 5%, n = 12) showed a greater reduction in liver fat, but no group differences. In KD participants with NAFLD, 92% of the variability in change in liver fat was explained by baseline liver fat (p < 0.001). A short-term hypocaloric KD high in saturated fat does not adversely impact liver health and is not impacted by exogenous ketones. Hypocaloric low-fat and KDs can both be used in the short-term to significantly reduce liver fat in individuals with NAFLD.

Low-Fat Diet Reduces Recurrence of Breast Ca

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
JANE SALODOF MACNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet
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