Deoxyguanosine (dG) enhances the S phase cytotoxicity of camptothecin (CPT), a topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitor, but by contrast does not affect the toxicity of VM26, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. The 80% survival of S phase human fibroblasts after a 60 min exposure to 0.2 microM CPT is reduced by half in the presence of 25 microM dG. G1 cells are resistant to CPT toxicity, though the levels of the single-strand DNA breaks induced by the drug are similar in G1 and S phase cells. Higher concentrations of dG retard the recovery of RNA and DNA synthesis and inhibit recovery from the S-G2 cycle block after CPT removal. At 100 microM dG the number of CPT-induced protein-linked single-strand DNA breaks is almost doubled, suggestive of a direct effect of dG on the cellular activity of topo I. In the presence or absence of dG, single-strand breaks disappear within minutes of the removal of CPT. We found that the inhibition of topo I by CPT induces the formation of double as well as single-strand breaks in the chromosomal DNA. Previously we have shown, using a pulse-field gel electrophoresis technique, that the double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated predominantly at sites of replication and not in the bulk DNA. A number of these DSBs are long-lived. The present study shows that dG affects the repair of these DSBs in a dose-dependent manner, and that a higher proportion of the initial lesions induced in nascent DNA remain 24 h after removal of CPT. We suggest that the long-lived double-strand breaks, formed in replicating DNA at the time of CPT exposure, are the lethal drug-induced lesions, which explains both the selective cytotoxicity of CPT towards S phase cells and the enhancement of CPT cytotoxicity by dG.
The Protein Kinase CK2 Facilitates Repair of Chromosomal DNA Single-Strand Breaks
