97/03839 The lead/acid battery—a key technology for global energy management

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 322
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Lead Acid

scholarly journals System Design and Energy Management for a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Forklift

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyu You ◽  
Liwei Wang ◽  
Ying Han ◽  
Firuz Zare
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Energy Management Strategy ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Lead Acid

Electric forklifts, dominantly powered by lead acid batteries, are widely used for material handling in factories, warehouses, and docks. The long charging time and short working time characteristics of the lead acid battery module results in the necessity of several battery modules to support one forklift. Compared with the cost and time consuming lead acid battery charging system, a fuel cell/battery hybrid power module could be more convenient for a forklift with fast hydrogen refueling and long working time. In this paper, based on the characteristics of a fuel cell and a battery, a prototype hybrid forklift with a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system is constructed, and its hardware and software are designed in detail. According to the power demand of driver cycles and the state of charge (SOC) of battery, an energy management strategy based on load current following for the hybrid forklift is proposed to improve system energy efficiency and dynamic response performance. The proposed energy management strategy will fulfill the power requirements under typical driving cycles, achieve reasonable power distribution between the fuel cell and battery and, thus, prolong its continuous working time. The proposed energy management strategy is implemented in the hybrid forklift prototype and its effectiveness is tested under different operating conditions. The results show that the forklift with the proposed hybrid powered strategy has good performance with different loads, both lifting and moving, in a smooth and steady way, and the output of the fuel cell meets the requirements of its output characteristics, its SOC of battery remaining at a reasonable level.

scholarly journals Augmented system model-based online collaborative determination of lead–acid battery states for energy management of vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Yuefei Wang ◽  
Fei Huang ◽  
Bin Pan ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Baijun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Circuit Model ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Soc Estimation ◽  
Augmented System ◽  
Relationship Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lead Acid

State of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of batteries are the indispensable control decision variables for online energy management system (EMS) in modern internal combustion engine vehicles. The real-time and accurate determination of SOC and SOH is essential to the reliability and safety of EMS operation. Obtaining good accuracy for the SOC estimation is difficult without considering SOH because of their coupling relationship. Although several works on the joint estimation of SOC and SOH of lithium–ion batteries are available, these studies cannot be applied to lead–acid batteries because of the differences in physical structure and characteristics. This study handles the problem of modeling the relationship between SOC and SOH of lead–acid battery and their online collaborative estimation. First, the structure and control strategy of a bus-based EMS is discussed, and the improper energy control actions of EMS due to the inaccurate SOC estimation are analyzed. Second, an instantaneous correlation factor β for SOC and SOH is defined as a new state estimating variable, and the simplified linear relationship model between β and open circuit voltage is established through the battery experiments. Third, a discretized augmented system equation of β is deduced according to the relationship model and the Randles circuit model. The least square circuit parameter identification (LSCPI) algorithm is presented to identify the time-varying circuit model parameters, while the adaptive Kalman filter for augmented system (AKFAS) algorithm is employed to estimate β online. A collaborative estimation algorithm is proposed on the basis of the LSCPI and AKFAS to determine SOC and SOH of lead–acid battery in real time, and a demo intelligent battery sensor is developed for its implementation. The results of battery charging and discharging experiments indicate that the proposed method has high accuracy. The estimation accuracy of SOC of this method reaches 3.13%, which is 7% higher than that of the existing method.

LEACHING PROPERTIES OF LEAD PASTE IN SPENT LEAD-ACID BATTERY WITH A HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2175-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiakuan Yang ◽  
Xinfeng Zhu ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Jianwen Liu ◽  
Ramachandran Vasant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Process ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Acid

Determination of Lead in Soils Surrounding a Lead-Acid Battery Manufacturer

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron D. Skinner ◽  
Eric D. Salin
Keyword(s):  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Soil Lead ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Factory Site ◽  
Lead Acid

Abstract Soil lead levels were determined on and around a former battery manufacturing site. Lead concentrations ranging from 120 ppm to 5.1’ were found. The highest concentrations were found close to the factory site. When it was possible to obtain samples over a continuous depth range, it was found that lead concentration decreased with depth and that it increased above underground foundations.

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