von der Leyen admits to COVID-19 vaccine failures

SUMMARYAustralia implemented conjugate meningococcal C immunization in 2003 with a single scheduled dose at age 12 months and catch-up for individuals aged 2–19 years. Several countries have recently added one or more booster doses to their programmes to maintain disease control. Australian disease surveillance and vaccine coverage data were used to assess longer term vaccine coverage and impact on invasive serogroup C disease incidence and mortality, and review vaccine failures. Coverage was 93% in 1-year-olds and 70% for catch-up cohorts. In 10 years, after adjusting for changes in diagnostic practices, population invasive serogroup C incidence declined 96% (95% confidence interval 94–98) to 0·4 and 0·6 cases/million in vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts, respectively. Only three serogroup C deaths occurred in 2010–2012vs.68 in 2000–2002. Four (<1/million doses) confirmed vaccine failures were identified in 10 years with no increasing trend. Despite published evidence of waning antibody over time, an ongoing single dose of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the second year of life following widespread catch-up has resulted in near elimination of serogroup C disease in all age groups without evidence of vaccine failures in the first decade since introduction. Concurrently, serogroup B incidence declined independently by 55%.

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Vaccine failures after active immunisation against tick-borne encephalitis

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (16) ◽

pp. 2827-2831 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Charlotta Rydgård Andersson ◽

Sirkka Vene ◽

Mona Insulander ◽

Lars Lindquist ◽

Åke Lundkvist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Immunisation ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Vaccine Failures

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Clinical and Epidemiological Differences Among Meningococcal C Conjugate Vaccine Failures and Non-Vaccinated Cases

Vaccines Research & Vaccination ◽

10.24966/vrv-0193/100002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Macarena Garrido-Estepa ◽

Keyword(s):

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Failures

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New Rabies Vaccine

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.68.1.131 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 131-132

Author(s):

Stanley A. Plotkin

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Immune Globulin ◽

The United States ◽

Rabies Vaccine ◽

Nerve Tissue ◽

Human Rabies ◽

Active Immunity ◽

Four Score ◽

Vaccine Failures ◽

Subsequent Replacement

Four score and 16 years after Louis Pasteur brought forth the first rabies vaccine in 1884,1 a new vaccine was licensed in the United States. Pasteur's vaccine made protection of man against rabies possible, even after a victim had been bitten. However, there were failures of prevention and the presence of nerve tissue in the vaccine resulted in severe neurologic reactions, including encephalopathy.2 The introduction of animal antirabies serum by Koprowski and Black3 and the subsequent replacement of animal serum by human rabies immune globulin developed by Cabasso et al4 reduced the number of vaccine failures by providing passive rabies antibodies before the active immunity induced by vaccination.

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Effect of diminazene block treatment on live redwater vaccine reactions

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v71i2.273 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M.P. Combrink ◽

P.C. Troskie

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Drug Dose ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Natural Resistance ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Normal Dose ◽

Reduced Dose ◽

Label Claim ◽

Vaccine Failures

One third of the manufacturer's prescribed dose of diminazene has long been used to block treat the South African unfrozen Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis (redwater) vaccine reactions, with no known adverse effects. It is known that the inhibitory effect of antibabesial drugs is more pronounced in animals inoculated with the frozen vaccine than those with the unfrozen vaccine. Reports of vaccine failures in some animals in which diminazene was used for block treatment of the reactions following inoculation with frozen South African redwater vaccine led us to reinvestigate the required waiting period before treatment and the reduced dose necessary for successful treatment and development of immunity. Results from febrile reactions in cattle following vaccination indicated day 7 as the optimal day for administering block treatment. Treatment of B. bigemina vaccine reactions in cattle on day 7 at a level of 0.35 mg/kg (1/10 fraction of the normal dose) diminazene killed all the parasites while B. bovis vaccine parasites survived treatment using diminazene at levels between 0.35 mg/kg and 1.16 mg/kg. However, various other factors, such as the degree of natural resistance of different cattle breeds and individual animals, the accuracy of diminazene content according to the manufacturer's label claim and the accuracy of the drug dose administered, all influence the successful immunization of animals. Consequently block treating of Babesia vaccines with diminazene on day 7 after vaccination is not recommended.

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Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: A Quest for Better Vaccines against a Virus on the Rise

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8030451 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 451 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mareike Kubinski ◽

Jana Beicht ◽

Thomas Gerlach ◽

Asisa Volz ◽

Gerd Sutter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Encephalitis Virus ◽

Protective Measure ◽

Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

The Family ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Vaccine Failures

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is one of the most important tick-transmitted viruses in Europe and Asia. Being a neurotropic virus, TBEV causes infection of the central nervous system, leading to various (permanent) neurological disorders summarized as tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The incidence of TBE cases has increased due to the expansion of TBEV and its vectors. Since antiviral treatment is lacking, vaccination against TBEV is the most important protective measure. However, vaccination coverage is relatively low and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines is limited, which may account for the vaccine failures that are observed. Understanding the TBEV-specific correlates of protection is of pivotal importance for developing novel and improved TBEV vaccines. For affording robust protection against infection and development of TBE, vaccines should induce both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review, the adaptive immunity induced upon TBEV infection and vaccination as well as novel approaches to produce improved TBEV vaccines are discussed.

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Efficacy Studies of Influenza Vaccines: Effect of End Points Used and Characteristics of Vaccine Failures

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jir015 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 203 (9) ◽

pp. 1309-1315 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Joshua G. Petrie ◽

Suzanne E. Ohmit ◽

Emileigh Johnson ◽

Rachel T. Cross ◽

Arnold S. Monto

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccines ◽

End Points ◽

Vaccine Failures ◽

Efficacy Studies

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Pneumococcal haemolytic uraemic syndrome in the postvaccine era

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2017-313923 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 957-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jolie Lawrence ◽

Amanda Gwee ◽

Catherine Quinlan

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽

Pneumococcal Infection ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Published Data ◽

Paediatric Hospital ◽

Pneumococcal Serotype ◽

End Stage ◽

Vaccine Failures

ObjectivePneumococcal infection is a leading cause of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and is potentially vaccine preventable. Published data suggest high mortality and poor renal outcomes. The introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has seen the emergence of disease caused by non-vaccine strains, particularly 19A. We sought to describe serotype prevalence and outcomes, particularly after the introduction of the 13-valent PCV.Design and settingWe performed a retrospective chart review, using hospital medical records to identify cases of HUS in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Australia over a 20-year period (January 1997–December 2016). Associated pneumococcal infection was identified, and serotype data were categorised according to vaccine era: prevaccine (January 1997–December 2004), PCV7 (January 2005–June 2011) and PCV13 (July 2011–December 2016).ResultsWe identified 66 cases of HUS. Pneumococcal infection was proven in 11 cases, representing 4% (1/26) of cases prior to the introduction of PCV7, 20% (3/15) in the PCV7 era and 28% (7/25) in the PCV13 era. Subtype 19A was the most prevalent pneumococcal serotype (6/11). All four patients who received PCV7 were infected with a non-vaccine serotype. Four of the five patients who received PCV13 were classed as vaccine failures. Median follow-up was 14 (range 1–108) months. Chronic kidney disease was the most common complication (4/7). We observed no mortality, neurological sequelae or progression to end-stage kidney disease.ConclusionsSerotype 19A is most commonly associated with pneumococcal HUS, despite the introduction of the 13-valent vaccine. Chronic kidney disease is a significant complication of pneumococcal HUS.

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