scholarly journals Meningococcal disease epidemiology in Australia 10 years after implementation of a national conjugate meningococcal C immunization programme

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (11) ◽  
pp. 2382-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. LAWRENCE ◽  
H. WANG ◽  
M. LAHRA ◽  
R. BOOY ◽  
P. B. McINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Vaccine Failures

SUMMARYAustralia implemented conjugate meningococcal C immunization in 2003 with a single scheduled dose at age 12 months and catch-up for individuals aged 2–19 years. Several countries have recently added one or more booster doses to their programmes to maintain disease control. Australian disease surveillance and vaccine coverage data were used to assess longer term vaccine coverage and impact on invasive serogroup C disease incidence and mortality, and review vaccine failures. Coverage was 93% in 1-year-olds and 70% for catch-up cohorts. In 10 years, after adjusting for changes in diagnostic practices, population invasive serogroup C incidence declined 96% (95% confidence interval 94–98) to 0·4 and 0·6 cases/million in vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts, respectively. Only three serogroup C deaths occurred in 2010–2012vs.68 in 2000–2002. Four (<1/million doses) confirmed vaccine failures were identified in 10 years with no increasing trend. Despite published evidence of waning antibody over time, an ongoing single dose of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the second year of life following widespread catch-up has resulted in near elimination of serogroup C disease in all age groups without evidence of vaccine failures in the first decade since introduction. Concurrently, serogroup B incidence declined independently by 55%.

scholarly journals Impact of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in Spain: an epidemiological and microbiological decision

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 5-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Cano ◽  
A Larrauri ◽  
S Mateo ◽  
B Alcalá ◽  
C Salcedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Immunisation Programme ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Vaccine Failures ◽  
Programme Coverage

The new meningococcal C conjugate vaccine became available in Spain and was included in the infant vaccination schedule in 2000. A catch-up campaign was carried out in children under six years of age. As a consequence, the incidence of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup C has fallen sharply during the last three epidemiological years in Spain. The risk of contracting serogroup C disease in 2002/2003 fell by 58% when compared with the season before the conjugate vaccine was introduced. There was also an important decrease in mortality. Three deaths due to serogroup C occurred in the age groups targeted for vaccination in 2002/2003, compared with 30 deaths in the same age groups in the season before the launch of the vaccine campaign. In the catch-up campaign the vaccine coverage reached values above 92%. For the 2001, 2002 and 2003 routine childhood immunisation programme coverage values ranged from 90% to 95%. During the past three years a total of 111 cases of serogroup C disease have been reported in patients in the vaccine target group. Most of the vaccination failures occurred during the epidemiological year 2002/2003. Eight (53%) vaccine failures occurred in children who had been routinely immunised in infancy, and could be related to a lost of protection with time since vaccination. The isolation of several B:2a:P1.5 strains (ST-11 lineage) is noteworthy. These may have their origin in C:2a:P1.5 strains which, after undergoing genetic recombination at the capsular operon level, express serogroup B. These strains could have relevant epidemic potential.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiology of mumps in western Europe

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 691-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NARDONE ◽  
R. G. PEBODY ◽  
S. VAN DEN HOF ◽  
D. LEVY-BRUHL ◽  
A. M. PLESNER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Immunization Programmes

Six countries (Denmark, England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands) conducted large serological surveys for mumps, in the mid-1990s, as part of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN). The assay results were standardized and related to the schedules and coverage of the immunization programmes and the reported incidence of mumps. Low incidence of disease and few susceptibles amongst adolescents and young adults was observed in countries with high mumps vaccine coverage (e.g. the Netherlands). High disease incidence and large proportions of mumps virus antibody negative samples in adolescent and young adult age groups was noted in countries with poor vaccine coverage (e.g. Italy). The build-up of susceptibles in older children and adolescents in England and Wales, France, the former West Germany and Italy indicate the possibility of further mumps outbreaks in secondary school environments. To control mumps in western Europe, current MMR immunization programmes will need to be strengthened in a number of countries. Sero-surveillance of mumps is an important component of disease control and its usefulness will be enhanced by the development of an international mumps standard.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago, Chile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Mena ◽  
Pamela P. Martinez ◽  
Ayesha S. Mahmud ◽  
Pablo A. Marquet ◽  
Caroline O. Buckee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Large City ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

AbstractThe current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted dense urban populations particularly hard. Here, we provide an in-depth characterization of disease incidence and mortality patterns, and their dependence on demographic and socioeconomic strata in Santiago, a highly segregated city and the capital of Chile. We find that among all age groups, there is a strong association between socioeconomic status and both mortality –measured either by direct COVID-19 attributed deaths or excess deaths– and public health capacity. Specifically, we show that behavioral factors like human mobility, as well as health system factors such as testing volumes, testing delays, and test positivity rates are associated with disease outcomes. These robust patterns suggest multiple possibly interacting pathways that can explain the observed disease burden and mortality differentials: (i) in lower socioeconomic status municipalities, human mobility was not reduced as much as in more affluent municipalities; (ii) testing volumes in these locations were insufficient early in the pandemic and public health interventions were applied too late to be effective; (iii) test positivity and testing delays were much higher in less affluent municipalities, indicating an impaired capacity of the health-care system to contain the spread of the epidemic; and (iv) infection fatality rates appear much higher in the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum. Together, these findings highlight the exacerbated consequences of health-care inequalities in a large city of the developing world, and provide practical methodological approaches useful for characterizing COVID-19 burden and mortality in other segregated urban centers.

scholarly journals Monitoring the spatiotemporal epidemiology of Covid-19 incidence and mortality: a small-area analysis in Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Rohleder ◽  
Kayvan Bozorgmehr
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
Small Area Analysis ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background: As response to the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), countries worldwide have implemented mitigation and control measures at national and subnational level. Timely monitoring of risks of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and associated deaths at small-area level is essential to inform local response strategies. However, the potentials of spatial epidemiology to contribute to this aim are yet untapped in most countries. Using the example of Germany, we analysed the spatiotemporal epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and associated deaths at district level to develop a tool for monitoring incidence and mortality rates and to estimate district-specific risks of disease incidence. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal small-area analysis for 401 districts to assess the district-specific risks of SARS-CoV-2 incidence by using nationally representative data from the national surveillance system in Germany on a daily basis (January 28 th to May 4 th 2020). We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal model to estimate the district-specific risk ratios (RR) of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and the posterior exceedance probability for RR thresholds greater than 1, 2 or 3, respectively. We further calculated standardised incidence (SIR) and mortality ratios (SMR) stratified by sex and age groups to assess the spatial distribution of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and deaths. Results: A total of 85 districts (21 % of all districts) showed a RR greater than 3, and 63 districts (16 % of all districts) exceed the RR threshold with a probability of greater than 80 %. Median RR was 1.19 (range 0-523.08), and the median SIR and SMR were 0.34 (range 0-423.94) and 0 (range 0-343.39), respectively. Elevated RR, and correspondingly high SIR and SMR, were observed in at-risk districts (identified by the spatiotemporal model) in southern and western districts of Germany. Daily updates of district-specific risk, SIR and SMR are implemented in a web-based platform. Conclusions: Our approach provides an informative and timely tool to monitor the district-specific risks of SARS-CoV-2 incidence and associated deaths. This approach can be used to inform local authorities for decision-making and strategy planning on containing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

scholarly journals 671. Increased Disease Severity and Larger Household Size Among Hispanic Infants With Pertussis: Chicago, IL, 2010–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S243-S243
Author(s):  
Enrique Ramirez ◽  
Allison Arwady ◽  
Peter Ruestow ◽  
Marielle Fricchione
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Household Member ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Member Size

Abstract Background Infants experience higher pertussis incidence and mortality compared with other age groups and 85% of infant cases are acquired from a household member. The Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) noted increased pertussis incidence among Hispanics from 2014 (5.3 cases per 100,000 population) to 2016 (12.3 cases per 100,000 population) while other ethnicities remained stable. Methods All pertussis cases reported to CDPH through the Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System with onsets from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016 were included in the analyses. Variables of interest were age, race/ethnicity, household size, disease severity, healthcare location of diagnosis, and hospitalization. To assess differences in demographic and care-related indicators between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) infants, chi-square tests were performed; risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results From 2010–2016, 1,036 pertussis cases were reported to CDPH including 276 infants aged &lt;1 year. Among infant cases, 187(68%) were &lt;4 months of age, 143(52%) male, 151(55%) were Hispanic and 54(20%) were NHW. Median household size for infants of all ethnicities was four members (range: 0–15). Of all infants with household member size of ≥4 persons (157), 64% were Hispanic. 185 (67%) of infants had ≥1 severe symptom (apnea, cyanosis, pneumonia, seizure, encephalopathy) and 133 (48%) were hospitalized. Diagnosis occurred in the emergency room (ER) for 199 (72%) infants. Hispanics were more likely than NHW to have household member size ≥4 (RR 1.9, P &lt; 0.05), severe symptoms (RR 1.6, P &lt; 0.05), hospitalization (RR 2.3, P &lt; 0.05), and diagnosis in the ER (RR 2.8, P &lt; 0.05) (Table 1). Conclusion Among Chicago infant pertussis cases, Hispanic infants have larger household sizes and more severe disease at time of diagnosis compared with NHW. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals PedMap: a pediatric diseases map generated from clinical big data from Hangzhou, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haomin Li ◽  
Gang Yu ◽  
Cong Dong ◽  
Zheng Jia ◽  
Jiye An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Weather Information ◽  
Pediatric Diseases ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gaussian Regression ◽  
Occurrence Patterns

AbstractEpidemiological knowledge of pediatric diseases may improve professionals’ understanding of the pathophysiology of and risk factors for diseases and is also crucial for decision making related to workforce and resource planning in pediatric departments. In this study, a pediatric disease epidemiology knowledgebase called PedMap (http://pedmap.nbscn.org) was constructed from the clinical data from 5 447 202 outpatient visits of 2 189 868 unique patients at a children’s hospital (Hangzhou, China) from 2013 to 2016. The top 100 most-reported pediatric diseases were identified and visualized. These common pediatric diseases were clustered into 4 age groups and 4 seasons. The prevalence, age distribution and co-occurrence diseases for each disease were also visualized. Furthermore, an online prediction tool based on Gaussian regression models was developed to predict pediatric disease incidence based on weather information. PedMap is the first comprehensive epidemiological resource to show the full view of age-related, seasonal, climate-related variations in and co-occurrence patterns of pediatric diseases.

scholarly journals Assessing the efficiency of catch-up campaigns for introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; a modelling study based on data from Kilifi, Kenya

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Flasche ◽  
John Ojal ◽  
Olivier Le Polain de Waroux ◽  
Mark Otiende ◽  
Katherine L. O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Herd Protection ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Dose Efficiency ◽  
Catch Up

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organisation recommends the use of catch-up campaigns as part of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) to accelerate herd protection and hence PCV impact. The value of a catch-up campaign is a trade-off between the costs of vaccinating additional age groups and the benefit of additional direct and indirect protection. There is a paucity of observational data, particularly from low-middle income countries to quantify the optimal breadth of such catch-up campaigns.MethodsIn Kilifi, Kenya PCV10 was introduced in 2011 using the 3-dose EPI infant schedule and a catch-up campaign in children <5 years old. We fitted a transmission dynamic model to detailed local data including nasopharyngeal carriage and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) to infer the marginal impact of the PCV catch-up campaign over hypothetical routine cohort vaccination in that setting, and to estimate the likely impact of alternative campaigns and their dose-efficiency.ResultsWe estimated that, within 10 years of introduction, the catch-up campaign among <5y olds prevents an additional 65 (48 to 84) IPD cases, compared to PCV cohort introduction alone. Vaccination without any catch-up campaign prevented 155 (121 to 193) IPD cases and used 1321 (1058 to 1698) PCV doses per IPD case prevented. In the years after implementation, the PCV programme gradually accrues herd protection and hence its dose-efficiency increases: 10 years after the start of cohort vaccination alone the programme used 910 (732 to 1184) doses per IPD case averted. We estimated that a two-dose catch-up among <1y olds uses an additional 910 (732 to 1184) doses per additional IPD case averted. Furthermore, by extending a single dose catch-up campaign to children 1 to <2y old and subsequently to 2 to <5y olds the campaign uses an additional 412 (296 to 606) and 543 (403 to 763) doses per additional IPD case averted. These results were not sensitive to vaccine coverage, serotype competition, the duration of vaccine protection or the relative protection of infants.ConclusionsWe find that catch-up campaigns are a highly dose-efficient way to accelerate population protection against pneumococcal disease.

An Epidemiological Analysis of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases, Reported at National Institute of Health, Pakistan (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Multi Center Study ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is a zoonotic disease of novel origin that posed a continuous threat to health worldwide after taking the shape of the pandemic. An understanding of disease epidemiology is supportive in timely preventive and control measures as well as contact tracing and curbing surveillance activities. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 confirmed cases reported at the National Institute of Health Pakistan and elements of its spread in Pakistan. METHODS A retrospective record review was conducted at the National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad, Pakistan from January 25 to April 4, 2020. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done with 95% CI and p<0.05. RESULTS A total of 14,422 samples of suspected COVID-19 cases were received with a positivity rate of 9% (n=1348). Among all 70% (n=939) were male. The median age was 41years of age (range: 01-99Years). Among all, 19% were from 30-39 years old followed by 50-59 years old (17%). Children remained the least affected by 3% (n=35). Of the total reported cases, 55% (n=735) have reported the travel history within the last 14 days. Among these travelers’ international travelers were 23% (n=166) and domestic travelers were 77% (n=569). Travel history including both international and domestic remained significantly associated with the different age groups and Young adults remained more vulnerable to COVID-19 (P=0.03). Fever, SOB, and Cough remained the most significantly associated (P<0.05) in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of COVID-19 among elderly men suggests robust quarantine measures for this target population. An escalating incidence of local transmission needs strict social distancing and hygiene practices to help flatten the curve. An extensive multi-center study is also recommended for a full understanding of disease dynamics.

scholarly journals Pilonidal sinus disease on the rise: a one-third incidence increase in inpatients in 13 years with substantial regional variation in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Oetzmann von Sochaczewski ◽  
Jan Gödeke
Keyword(s):  
Pilonidal Sinus ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pilonidal Sinus Disease ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Reconstructive Procedures ◽  
Sinus Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Purpose Collective evidence from single-centre studies suggests an increasing incidence of pilonidal sinus disease in the last decades, but population-based data is scarce. Methods We analysed administrative case–based principal diagnoses of pilonidal sinus disease and its surgical therapy between 2005 and 2017 in inpatients. Changes were addressed via linear regression. Results The mean rate of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease per 100,000 men increased from 43 in 2005 to 56 in 2017. In females, the mean rate of inpatient episodes per 100,000 women rose from 14 in 2005 to 18 in 2017. In the whole population, for every case per 100,000 females, there were 3.1 cases per 100,000 males, but the numbers were highly variable between the age groups. There was considerable regional variation within Germany. Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease were increasing in almost all age groups and both sexes by almost a third. Surgery was dominated by excision of pilonidal sinus without reconstructive procedures, such as flaps, whose share was around 13% of all procedures, despite recommendations of the national guidelines to prefer flap procedures. Conclusion Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease in Germany rose across almost all age groups and both sexes with relevant regional variation. The underlying causative factors are unknown. Thus, patient-centred research is necessary to explore them. This should also take cases into account that are solely treated office-based in order to obtain a full-spectrum view of pilonidal sinus disease incidence rates.

scholarly journals Trends of Stomach Cancer in Central Serbia

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
Miodrag M. Stojanovic ◽  
Natasa K. Rancic ◽  
Marija R. Andjelkovic Apostolovic ◽  
Aleksandra M. Ignjatovic ◽  
Mirko V. Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
P Value ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Incidence Trend ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Somach cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The objective of the paper was to analyze the incidence and mortality trends of stomach cancer in Central Serbia in the period between 1999–2017. Materials and Methods: trends and annual percentage change (APC) of the incidence and mortality rate with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by joinpoint regression analyses. The optimal number of Joinpoints was identified using the Monte Carlo permutation method. The trend was considered to be significantly increasing (positive change) or decreasing (negative change) when the p-value was below 0.05 (p < 0.05). Results: the total number of new cases was 16,914 (10,873 males and 6041 females) and the total number of mortality cases was 14,790 (9348 in and 5442 in females). Almost one third (30.8%) of new cases were registered in the 60–69-year age group, and new cases were significantly more frequent in males than in females (30.8% vs. 29.02%, p < 0.001). Joinpoint regression analysis showed a significant decrease of incidence trend in females during the 2000–2015 period with APC of −2.13% (95% CI: −3.8 to −0.5, p < 0.001). An insignificant decrease in incidence trend was in males with APC of −0.72% (95% CI: −2.3 to 0.9, p = 0.30). According to the joinpoint analysis, a significant decrease of mortality trends both in males during 2000–2015 with APC of −2.21% (95% CI: −1.6 to −7.5, p ≤ 0.001 and in females, during the same period, with APC of −1.75% (95% CI: −2.9 to −0.6, p < 0.001) was registered. From 2015 to 2017, a significant increase of mortality was registered with APC of 44.5% (95% CI: from 24.2 to −68.1, p ≤ 0.001) in females and in males with APC of 53.15% (95% CI: 13.5 to −106.6, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: a significant decrease of stomach cancer incidence trend in females and insignificant decrease of incidence trend in males were determined in Central Serbia. Based on presented results, the mortality trend decreased significantly both in males and in females during 2000–2015, and from 2015 to 2017 we recorded a significant increase in mortality in both sexes. We found significantly more new cases in women than in men in the age group of 40–49, and the mortality of stomach cancer was significantly more frequent among females compared to males in the age groups 30–39, as well as in the 50–59 age group. There is a need for improving recording and registration of new cases of stomach cancer, especially in females. Urgent primary and secondary preventive measures are needed—introducing stomach cancer screening and early detection of premalignant changes. Urgent primary and secondary preventive measures are needed.

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