Expression of the main hepatic bile acid uptake system, the Na+-taurocholate cotransporter (Ntcp), is downregulated during cholestasis. Bile acid-induced, farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-mediated induction of the nuclear repressor short heterodimer partner (SHP) has been proposed as a key mechanism reducing Ntcp expression. However, the role of FXR and SHP or other nuclear receptors and hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors in mediating Ntcp repression in obstructive cholestasis is unclear. FXR knockout (FXR−/−) and wild-type (FXR+/+) mice were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Cholic acid (CA)-fed and LPS-treated FXR−/− and FXR+/+ mice were studied for comparison. mRNA levels of Ntcp and SHP and nuclear protein levels of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1α, HNF-3β, HNF-4α, retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α, and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-α and their DNA binding were assessed. Hepatic cytokine mRNA levels were also measured. CBDL and CA led to Ntcp repression in FXR+/+, but not FXR−/−, mice, whereas LPS reduced Ntcp expression in both genotypes. CBDL and LPS but not CA induced cytokine expression and reduced levels of HNF-1α, HNF-3β, HNF-4α, RXRα, and RARα to similar extents in FXR+/+ and FXR−/−. DNA binding of these transactivators was unaffected by CA in FXR+/+ mice but was markedly reduced in FXR−/− mice. In conclusion, Ntcp repression by CBDL and CA is mediated by accumulating bile acids via FXR and does not depend on cytokines, whereas Ntcp repression by LPS is independent of FXR. Reduced levels of HNF-1α, RXRα, and RARα in CBDL FXR−/− mice and reduced DNA binding in CA-fed FXR−/− mice, despite unchanged Ntcp levels, indicate that these factors may have a minor role in regulation of mouse Ntcp during cholestasis.
Artificially imposed electrical potentials drive l-glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles of bovine cerebral cortex
