Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications

Rural household livelihood research of ethnic minorities is urgent to the development of ethnic areas in China and achieve the world poverty reduction goal. To improve ethnic rural household livelihood, it is fundamental to figure out what are the types, characteristics as well as impact factors of their livelihood strategies. In the study, we explored the household livelihood strategy choices and livelihood diversity of the main ethnic minorities (Tujia and Miao) in Chongqing, as well as how livelihood capitals impact livelihood strategy through methods of clustering, livelihood diversity index and multiple logistic regression under the framework of sustainable livelihood approach. The results show that: (1) Full-time job, both full-time and part-time job, part-time agriculture, part-time job and subsidized livelihood strategy are livelihood strategies adopted by Tujia and Miao rural households in Chongqing, China. (2) The characteristics of the identified livelihood strategies are diversified and various in natural, financial, human and finance capital. (3) A number of livelihood capitals impact the way that household choose their livelihood strategies, but the livelihood capitals have no significant impact on the livelihood diversity. By detailed analysis of the characteristic of rural ethnic household livelihood strategy, especial livelihood diversity, the research enriched sustainable livelihood literature and provided useful information for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs for regional sustainable development and ecological protection.

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Gender Relations and Household Economic Planning in the Rural Philippines

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022463406000701 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 397-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

James F. Eder

Keyword(s):

Rural Development ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Gender Relations ◽

Economic Planning ◽

Livelihood Strategies ◽

Livelihood Diversification ◽

The Future ◽

Household Livelihood ◽

Role Of Women

This paper lies at the intersection of the considerable scholarly literatures on household livelihood strategies and on the role of women in Southeast Asia. Focused ethnographically on rural Philippine households engaged primarily in various combinations of fishing and farming activities, and analytically on how gender relations figure in the decisions that the co-heads of these households make regarding their economic plans for the future, it considers how the livelihood diversification that characteristically accompanies rural development affects – and is in turn affected by – the conjugal relationship.

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The Determinants of Nonfarm Income Diversification in Rural Peru

World Development ◽

10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00104-2 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 497-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Javier Escobal

Keyword(s):

Income Diversification ◽

Nonfarm Income

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Household livelihood diversification in rural Africa

Agricultural Economics ◽

10.1111/agec.12694 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Musumba ◽

Cheryl A. Palm ◽

Adam M. Komarek ◽

Patrick K. Mutuo ◽

Bocary Kaya

Keyword(s):

Livelihood Diversification ◽

Household Livelihood ◽

Rural Africa

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Income diversification for risk adaptation: the case of rural households in Vietnam

Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management ◽

10.32508/stdjelm.v4i2.630 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. First

Author(s):

Nguyen Thi Mai

Keyword(s):

Market Access ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Rural Households ◽

Household Head ◽

Household Survey ◽

Skills Training ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Income Diversification ◽

The Impact ◽

Years Of Schooling

This study uses the data extracted from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 on 2,107 rural households in Vietnam. Results from logit regressions show that: (1) natural disasters, plant or animal diseases, mean years of schooling of all labor members in the households, household size, levels of participation in associations and social organizations help to increase the ability of households to diversify when there is a risk; (2) On the contrary, the harmful impacts from pest of the previous year, mean years of schooling of household head, age, ethnicity, land area, attitude to risks exert a negative impact on the ability of income diversification. Thereby, the study offers some policy implications such as improving the educational level of the households, encouraging households to actively participate in training sessions, skills training and market access organized by the State and NGOs, disseminating knowledge on risk response measures through income diversification. The novel point of the study is the application of the microeconomic theory to measure the impact of attitude to risk on the decision to diversify income when risks occur. In addition, the study also examines the impact of each type of risk, and the severity of the risk on the choice of income diversification to cope with risks.

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Income structure, diversification strategy and owners’ benefit in cooperative financial institutions

International Journal of Managerial Finance ◽

10.1108/ijmf-11-2018-0346 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 481-500

Author(s):

Hoang Van Cuong ◽

Hiep Ngoc Luu ◽

Loan Quynh Thi Nguyen ◽

Vu Tuan Chu

Keyword(s):

Financial Institutions ◽

Credit Unions ◽

Credit Union ◽

Least Square ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Diversification Strategy ◽

Income Diversification ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Content Type ◽

Common Bond

PurposeThe purposes of this paper are twofold. First, it analyses the income structure in cooperative financial institutions and examines how traditional and non-traditional incomes are related. Second, it evaluates whether increasing diversification towards non-traditional incomes facilitates or hampers the benefits of financial cooperative owners.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from over 3,100 US credit unions over the period of 1994–2016. A number of modern econometric techniques are employed throughout the analysis, including the use of panel fixed effect, generalised method of moments (GMM) and two-stage least square (2SLS) methodologies.FindingsUsing US credit unions as the empirical setting, the empirical results reveal that the expansion of traditional income leads to a corresponding increase in income from non-traditional activities. However, an increasing reliance on non-traditional income causes a significant drop in interest margins. The authors also find that the extent to which income diversification affects owner benefit varies across credit union types and period of time. While income diversification negatively affects owners' benefits in single common bond credit unions, it has no significant influence on multiple common bond and community credit union owners' benefits. Third, diversification can be beneficial during crisis time, but can be detrimental to owner benefit during normal time.Originality/valueThis paper provides some of the first empirical investigations on the diversification strategy of cooperative financial institutions. Therefore, the results offer significant policy implications for policymakers and market participants on whether financial cooperatives should diversify or specialise.

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Sustainable Rural Livelihood and Poverty Reduction Strategies

10.4018/978-1-7998-4646-8.ch005 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 111-129

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Sustainable Livelihoods ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Sustainable Livelihood ◽

Institutional Processes ◽

Rural Livelihood ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Household Livelihood ◽

Sustainable Livelihood Approach

This chapter presents the framework of sustainable livelihoods. The interests of this chapter derive from three issues: (1) How can one determine who in the population achieves a sustainable livelihood and who does not? That is, how does sustainable livelihood assist in eliminating poverty and reduce deprivation in rural communities? (2) What livelihood resources and institutional processes are necessary for enabling or constraining sustainable livelihoods for different groups? That is, does household livelihood help individuals or families to escape poverty? (3) What are the practical, operational, and policy implications of adopting a sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction? Namely, what constitutes a satisfactory basis for adopting a livelihood framework?

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