ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN PADA BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA DAN BANK NEGARA INDONESIA DI TINJAU DARI ANALISIS CAMEL

ABSTARK Tujuan riset ini merupakan guna mengenali gimana kinerja keuangan PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk serta PT. Bank Negeri Indonesia ( Persero) Tbk dengan memakai prosedur CAMEL (Capital, Assets, Management, Earning, Liquidity) periode 2014 hingga 2018. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil analisis laporan keuangan PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk serta PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk bersumber pada metode CAMEL mendapatkan predikat sehat sejak tahun 2014 sampai 2018. Sehingga PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk dapat menunjukkan prestasi peningkatannya pada rasio CAR, KAP, ROA, dan LDR sedangkan PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk menunjukkan prestasinya pada rasio NPM dan LDR. Efektivitas dari kedua bank ini memiliki ketahanan yang baik dalam menghadapi gejolak perekonomian saat ini sehingga nilai kesehatan yang dibentuk menunjukkan kedua bank tersebut dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik.

Waifs and Strays: Property Rights in Late Medieval England

This article provides new insights into long-standing debates on lord-tenant relations in medieval England and how they were negotiated through the manorial court. We examine an institution, which we term the stray system, that facilitated cooperation between lords and tenants to manage stray livestock. Specifically, we argue that the stray system is a clear example of a public good. In this context, the system was a social benefit provided by lords to their tenants as a collective. In a world where most of the population was dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, any potential damage to a crop would have been of real concern. However, in managing the threat of wandering livestock, the property rights of owners had to be clearly protected to avoid disputes over ownership. The manorial court's management of strays provided an institution to resolve these countervailing pressures. Ultimately, that system helped to protect a community's arable land—the most vital source of income for lords and tenants alike—while simultaneously assuring the property rights of those who had lost important capital assets in the form of livestock.

An empirical analysis of capital assets condition ratio in local governments: the case of Florida counties

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to examine the political, economic and institutional determinants of capital assets condition ratio in American local governments using government-wide financial statements.Design/methodology/approachBased on capital assets data from the period of 2011–2016 for the 66 Florida counties as reported on their government-wide financial statements, the authors use a panel two-way fixed effects estimation and a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation.FindingsThe authors find that social-economic factors, fiscal capacity and democratic voters explain the capital assets condition ratio in Florida county governments.Research limitations/implicationsThe major findings of this study may only apply to county government in one single state. It may raise the issue of the external validity of our research. It provides policy recommendations for local public officials to maintain and upgrade their capital assets.Originality/valueThe study utilizes a new approach of capital assets condition ratio to measure county government investment in capital assets based on the government-wide financial statements.

Livelihoods and Tourism: Capital Assets, Household Resiliency, and Subjective Wellbeing

Although a positive relationship between tourism and quality of life is the premise of using tourism to support biodiversity conservation, tourism scholars rarely assess the relationship between tourism and community livelihoods with rigorous empirical methods, even less so in African contexts. Focusing on communities in the Greater Virunga Landscape in Rwanda and Uganda, we conducted a household survey to acquire empirical data to test novel hypotheses about tourism’s influence on capital assets, household resiliency, and subjective wellbeing. Using inferential statistical analyses (e.g., analysis of variance, chi-square difference test, and independent sample t-tests), we compared the responses from 346 residents who have direct access to tourism livelihoods with responses collected from 224 residents not engaged in tourism. Contrary to expectations, our findings suggest that tourism may not lead to dramatic differences in access to capital assets. However, we did discover moderate influences on household resiliency and subjective wellbeing. These intangible and subjective wellbeing outcomes of tourism-based livelihood programs are challenging to assess empirically. Yet, they may be among some of the most important from a human development standpoint. As a first effort to integrate three theoretical frameworks that have, to date, seen limited application in tourism research, this study has opened the door to further work at the intersections of capital assets, family resilience, and wellbeing theories. In conclusion, we argue that incentivizing the protection of local environments through tourism must be extended to other forms of capital, while also considering more nuanced manifestations of intangible wellbeing outcomes. As such, this paper makes a significant empirical contribution to the ongoing theoretical and practical debates about the tourism-conservation relationship.

Estimasi Parameter Capital Assets Pricing Model Dengan Metode Generalized Method of Moments Dalam Perhitungan Value At Risk

Capital Assets Pricing Model merupakan persamaan regresi antara premi risiko aset terhadap premi risiko pasar. Risiko ada jika pembuat keputusan tidak memiliki data untuk menyusun suatu dugaan. Pendugaan tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan generalized method of moments.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil estimasi parameter pada Capital Assets Pricing Model menggunakan Generalized Method of Moments pada data saham PT. Indofood Tbk., serta mendapatkan nilai Value at Risk pada data saham PT. Indofood Tbk..Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu : , m=1,2,…. Dengan nilai maka model regresi pada saham PT. Indofood Tbk.. yaitu . Dengan tingkat signifikansi 5%, investasi awal Rp10.000.000,00 , kerugian yang akan ditanggung oleh investor adalah Rp1.265.800,00 .

Determinants of Livelihood Diversification: The Case of Community-Based Ecotourism in Oaxaca, Mexico

Diversification is a livelihood strategy that households use to survive and to absorb disturbances. Community-based ecotourism (CBE) is part of a set of sustainable options that are available to households for diversification. This paper analyses households’ capital assets that increase the probability of a family becoming involved in a CBE compared to other forms of diversification, and empirical evidence is presented for coastal communities located in Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on household surveys and a multinomial logit econometric model, the results show that the probability that a household decides to become involved in CBE increases for households with young people and those that have their basic needs covered by government programs or small agricultural production. Other forms of diversification are positively related to agreements within the community, woodfire use, and the presence of irrigated lands. Thus, CBE is determined by specific assets mentioned previously compared to other forms of diversification. Particularly, to promote CBE, tourism policies need to consider households’ human, social, natural, and financial capital assets and the associated programs in an integrated way to enhance community development.

Market and Firm Reaction to Targeted Tax Benefits: Evidence from the Tax Reform Act of 1986

A growing body of work examines market and firm responses to specific tax benefits. We extend this literature by examining market and firm reactions to an economically significant targeted tax refund granted to a few large, but poorly performing, steel firms by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86). We find, relative to steel firms not receiving the refund, qualifying firms experience either a negative or insignificant market reaction around each of three key dates in the TRA86 legislative process. Using difference-in-differences analyses to test a variety of refund uses, we find that refund recipients use the proceeds to pay down debt rather than to increase capital assets, payouts to shareholders, acquisitions, or employment. Overall, we find targeted tax benefits granted to significant but struggling firms, while potentially politically appealing, appear to generate limited economic benefits to those targeted firms.

How Do Human Resource Management Practices Affect Innovation of Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises in a Transition Economy?

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are one of the engines for inclusive economic growth. Yet little is known about the contribution of human resource management (HRM) practices to the success of SMEs. This study empirically examines how HRM practices determine different categories of innovation of SMEs in the context of a transition economy. Using a longitudinal dataset and applying the instrumental variable methodology to correct for endogeneity problems, our study uncovers that HRM practices positively affect the quality of employed human and physical capital assets of SMEs. More importantly, we find that that HRM practices significantly contribute to the launch of new products and improvement of existing products. In addition, we also find that the adoption of HRM practices facilitate labour productivity and value added. Taken together, these findings highlight that HRM practices are a strategic resource for innovation and development of SMEs in transition economies by rewarding them with higher-quality capital assets. JEL: L25, O15, O31

Traditionalism Nazhir Kyai On Waqf Asset Development In Bangkalan Madura

<p><em>This research aims to identify the model of waqf asset management by religious leaders (kyai) in Madura, which serves to support and optimize asset waqf utility nationally, which has not been well empowered. This study focuses on (1) knowing the management and development of waqf capital assets by Kyai as Nazhir in Bangkalan, and (2) determining the analysis of the waqf asset development model in order to increase the benefit of waqf assets in Bangkalan</em><em>. </em></p><p><em>A qualitative approach was used in the present study. Data retrieval techniques with documentation and in-depth interviews on the management of waqf assets in Bangkalan using component analysis on waqf core principles standards.</em></p><p><em>The results of the research showed that waqf assets managed by kyai were transferred to posterity without going through the changing nazhir process, which impacted on the unfulfilled aspects of waqf development, which is based on aspects of knowledge, training recruitment, rewards, and aspects of coaching and supervision.</em></p>