Violence exposure, catecholamine excretion, and blood pressure non-dipping status in African-American adolescents

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with cardiac structure in a cohort of African American adolescents oversampled for obesity and high blood pressure (BP). Additional associations of cardiac structure with a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile (low adiponectin, elevated IL6, PAI-1 and CRP) were sought. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a two-by-two factorial design with four groups of African American adolescents based on BP (prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension=high BP) and body mass index (BMI > 95% =obese) designation. Measurements included: echocardiogram, anthropomorphics, BP (on 3 separate occasions), high sensitivity CRP and plasma adipokines (adiponectin, IL6, PAI-1). Standardized echocardiogram measurements were used to obtain left ventricular mass index (LVMI, g/m 2.7 ) and left atrial diameter index (LADI, mm/m 2 ). Ordinary least-squares regression with model selection by Mallow's Cp was used to determine if pro-inflammatory adipokine profile predicted LV mass and LA diameter in models including age, gender, BMI z-score, and systolic BP. Results: Data on 251 African American adolescents, ages 13-19, were analyzed. BMI-z score was strongly associated with a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile whereas high BP was not. Variation in LADI was significantly associated with BMI (β=0.12, p<0.01) and female gender (β=0.08, p=0.04). LVMI variation was significantly associated with BMI (β=3.53, p<0.01), age (β=0.71, p<0.01), female gender (β=-4.32, p<0.01), and systolic BP (β=0.10, p=0.03). Though significant in univariate models, inflammatory markers were not significantly associated with LADI or LVMI after BMI adjustment. Conclusions: In African American adolescents, BMI is an important determinant of LADI and LVMI. Obesity is associated with a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile but LADI and LVMI are not. Table. Regression modeling results after variable selection by Mallow C p : Left Atrium Diameter Index and Left Ventricular Mass Index (N = 251) LADI LVMI Estimate (95% CL) p-value Estimate (95% CL) p-value Age (yr) 0.00063 (-0.021, 0.023) 0.955 0.71 ( 0.18, 1.24) 0.009 Gender (F) 0.08 ( 0.01, 0.16) 0.036 −4.32 (-6.13,-2.51) <.001 BMI z-score 0.12 ( 0.08, 0.16) <.001 3.53 ( 2.66, 4.40) <.001 Systolic BP 0.0019 (-0.0017, 0.0055) 0.306 0.0952 ( 0.0085, 0.1819) 0.032

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Adolescents’ Internalizing Behaviors after Extreme Violence Exposure: A Comparison of Race and Gender for African American and Asian American Youth

Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services ◽

10.1606/1044-3894.3870 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wan-Yi Chen

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Community Violence ◽

Asian American ◽

Violence Exposure ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Internalizing Behaviors ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Asian American Adolescents ◽

Minority Adolescents ◽

And Gender

This study compares African American and Asian American adolescents in their rates of extreme community violence exposure and consequent internalizing behaviors. Using information from a national longitudinal survey this study found substantial violence exposure rates for both groups. Also, gender differences in exposure rates and adolescent reports of internalizing behaviors after violence exposure were detected. Male African American adolescents had the highest exposure rate, while female Asian American adolescents reported the highest level of internalizing behaviors. These findings suggest further research is needed to better understand the effect of violence exposure on various ethnic minority adolescents. Moreover, social workers and other professionals involved in adolescent services could use these results to improve outreach methods to vulnerable adolescents.

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Violence exposure and bullying among African American adolescents: Examining the protective role of academic engagement

Children and Youth Services Review ◽

10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 394-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Caitlin Elsaesser ◽

Jun Sung Hong ◽

Dexter R. Voisin

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Academic Engagement ◽

Violence Exposure ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Protective Role

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Temperament Moderators of Prospective Associations Between Community Violence Exposure and Urban African American Adolescents’ Aggressive Behavior

Child Psychiatry & Human Development ◽

10.1007/s10578-018-0787-7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 709-717 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rachel M. Tache ◽

Sharon F. Lambert ◽

Jody M. Ganiban ◽

Nicholas S. Ialongo

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Aggressive Behavior ◽

Community Violence ◽

Violence Exposure ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Community Violence Exposure

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Differential Impact of Stress Reduction Programs upon Ambulatory Blood Pressure among African American Adolescents: Influences of Endothelin-1 Gene and Chronic Stress Exposure

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2012/510291 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mathew J. Gregoski ◽

Vernon A. Barnes ◽

Martha S. Tingen ◽

Yanbin Dong ◽

Haidong Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

African American ◽

Chronic Stress ◽

Behavioral Interventions ◽

High Stress ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Skills Training ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Stress Exposure ◽

Endothelin 1

Stress-activated gene × environment interactions may contribute to individual variability in blood pressure reductions from behavioral interventions. We investigated effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) LYS198ASN SNP and discriminatory stress exposure upon impact of 12-week behavioral interventions upon ambulatory BP (ABP) among 162 prehypertensive African American adolescents. Following genotyping, completion of questionnaire battery, and 24-hour ABP monitoring, participants were randomized to health education control (HEC), life skills training (LST), or breathing awareness meditation (BAM). Postintervention ABP was obtained. Significant three-way interactions on ABP changes indicated that among ET-1 SNP carriers, the only group to show reductions was BAM from low chronic stress environments. Among ET-1 SNP noncarriers, under low chronic stress exposure, all approaches worked, especially BAM. Among high stress exposure noncarriers, only BAM resulted in reductions. If these preliminary findings are replicated via ancillary analyses of archival databases and then via efficacy trials, selection of behavioral prescriptions for prehypertensives will be edging closer to being guided by individual's underlying genetic and environmental factors incorporating the healthcare model of personalized preventive medicine.

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