A free-energy-based approach is used to describe the mechanism through which chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) folds the filament-forming cytoskeletal protein actin, which is one of its primary substrates. The experimental observations on the actin folding and unfolding pathways are collated and then re-examined from this perspective, allowing us to determine the position of the CCT intervention on the actin free-energy folding landscape. The essential role for CCT in actin folding is to provide a free-energy contribution from its ATP cycle, which drives actin to fold from a stable, trapped intermediate I
3
, to a less stable but now productive folding intermediate I
2
. We develop two hypothetical mechanisms for actin folding founded upon concepts established for the bacterial type I chaperonin GroEL and extend them to the much more complex CCT system of eukaryotes. A new model is presented in which CCT facilitates free-energy transfer through direct coupling of the nucleotide hydrolysis cycle to the phases of actin substrate maturation.
Production of long chain alcohols and alkanes upon coexpression of an acyl-ACP reductase and aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase with a bacterial type-I fatty acid synthase in E. coli