Global harmonisation in vaccine price

Purpose This paper aims to examine the influence of the international spectrum management regime on the introduction of flexibility in the national allocation of radiocommunication services. This is achieved through focusing on the main elements of the international regime. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative inductive methodology is adopted that examines the different elements of the international radiocommunication service allocation framework. Data are drawn from 66 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders who are actively involved in International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector discussions. Findings The international radio regulations (RR) are perceived to be more of a framework for harmonisation that does not constrain the flexibility of countries. Countries are only restricted on their borders with their neighbours, and flexibility is already facilitated through a range of different measures. Moreover, several elements of the RR can be used to achieve both, i.e. to promote flexibility and to restrict the decisions of others. Practical implications The international spectrum management regime is not one of the reasons for the unsuccessful practical application of the flexible spectrum property rights concept. This suggests the need for reviewing whether there still is a need for such a concept given the increasing importance of global harmonisation and economies of scales. Originality/value This paper sheds light on spectrum property rights from the perspective of the international spectrum management regime. Such a perspective is largely overlooked in the on-going current debate.

Download Full-text

A Process to the Global Harmonisation of Medical Devices

JAPANES JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION ◽

10.4286/ikakikaigaku.69.9_414 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

pp. 414-421

Author(s):

H. TUKAMOTO

Keyword(s):

Medical Devices ◽

Global Harmonisation

Download Full-text

Impact of methodology on the results of economic evaluations of varicella vaccination programs: is it important for decision-making?

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2009001500006 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (suppl 3) ◽

pp. S401-S414 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Patrícia Coelho de Soárez ◽

Hillegonda Maria Dutilh Novaes ◽

Ana Marli Christovan Sartori

Keyword(s):

Indirect Costs ◽

Varicella Vaccination ◽

Economic Evaluations ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Estimation Of Parameters ◽

Vaccine Price ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Great Heterogeneity ◽

Efficacy Parameters ◽

Methodological Aspects

This study aims to review the literature on economic evaluation of childhood varicella vaccination programs and to discuss how heterogeneity in methodological aspects and estimation of parameters can affect the studies' results. After applying the inclusion criteria, 27 studies published from 1980 to 2008 were analyzed in relation to methodological differences. There was great heterogeneity in the perspective adopted, evaluation of indirect costs, type of model used, modeling of the effect on herpes zoster, and estimation of vaccine price and efficacy parameters. The factor with the greatest impact on results was the inclusion of indirect costs, followed by the perspective adopted and vaccine price. The choice of a particular methodological aspect or parameter affected the studies' results and conclusions. It is essential that authors present these choices transparently so that users of economic evaluations understand the implications of such choices and the direction in which the results of the analysis were conducted.

Download Full-text