Saudi Arabia National Cyber Security System: Specificity and Development Risks

The research featured the national cybersecurity system of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The cybersecurity standards developed by the International Telecommunication Union of the United Nations made it possible to reveal the institutional and legal foundations of the digital security system, as well as the degree of involvement in international cybersecurity cooperation. The analysis demonstrated the key risks of the development of the Saudi cyber model. The assessment by the International Telecommunication Union standards gave quite positive results. However, Saudi Arabia proved to adhere to a catching-up development model and still experiences some problems with national cyberspace security. Some are of global nature, e.g. legislation gaps, while others result from the specifics of the national model of state governance. The most obvious risks include the imbalance between the civil and military sectors, the disagreements between various regions, and the poor integration of the local hacker community into the overall structure of national cybersecurity. Saudi Arabia plans to eliminate these imbalances in the medium term in order to build an integrated cybersecurity system by expanding its international cooperation.

New Social World: The Great Power of the Network

At the early beginning of the 21st century, it was impossible to imagine how fast the Internet would develop. It was also not obvious that the worldwide network would actually become available in all parts of the planet, and the network itself would become the basis for the birth and development of new global products - social networks, communications, and services. According to the International Telecommunication Union, the Internet and new digital products along twenty years have almost completely absorbed the population of developed countries (87%) and are growing rapidly in developing countries (47%)[1]. The affordable cost of communication for the majority of the population together with free communication services create the basis for the emergence of not only new products but also a constant increase in the number of digital services, which quite recently could only be obtained offline. Together with large digital government services, commercial networks, communicators, and services are creating a new social structure capable of independent machine learning and development. The work aims to show that much faster than it was supposed new digital products will intertwine with each other, forming a new social platform, which is called a New Social World. The analysis of sociological works on this topic together with an analysis of practical research on the Internet and new digital products confirms this assumption. Despite strict user agreements, global online monitoring, constant online control and full access to the data of each user, more and more people become users of social networks and services, and most social network users become loyal users of other new products and services, easily switching on digital consumption and consumption of real products and services provided online. The new social reality, generated by the powerful interweaving of the world's digital products and services will forever change the sociocultural and media world. An urgent and constant study of this phenomenon is necessary since the ways of its further development are unpredictable both in relation to the existence of traditional, social, national identification and with the existence of traditional state institutions and states.

ANALYSIS OF ITU-T AND ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIFTH GENERATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. PART II

Во II части одноименной статьи,начало которой было опубликовано в сборнике «Труды НИИР», № 3'2021, рассматриваются результаты проводимой в рамках Международного союза электросвязи работы по стандартизации архитектуры сетей связи пятого поколения,а также требования,предъявляемые новыми сервисами и применениями к характеристикам этих сетей. Приводится обзор некоторых ключевых документов МСЭ, прежде всего Рекомендаций МСЭ-Т по требованиям к сетям с учетом дальнейшей виртуализации (софтверизации)многих сетевых функций сетей 5G/IMT-2020. In the second part of the article of the same name, that was published in the collection "Proceedings if the NIIR", No. 3'2021, the results of the work of the International Telecommunication Union to standardize the architecture of fifth-generation communication networks, as well as the requirements imposed by new services and applications to the characteristics of these networks are considered. An overview of some key ITU documents is provided, primarily the ITU-T Recommendations on network requirements, taking into account the further virtualization (softwarization) of many network functions of 5G / IMT-2020 networks.

Parametric Analysis of the Defected Ground Structure-Based Hairpin Band Pass Filter for VSAT System on Chip Applications

In this study, a three-pole hairpin structure was fabricated on the top of the substrate material and an open loop microstrip structure at the ground to give a modified triple-band BPF with a unique design. A Rogers (RT5880) material with εr = 2.2 and thickness of 1.27mm was used to fabricate the proposed structure. The space between two consecutive hairpin resonators has different distances d1 and d2 with values of 0.2mm and 0.4mm respectively. The proposed filter offers a compact size with low return loss. The equivalent LC circuit of the DGS and hairpin structure is obtained with the Ansys electronic desktop and by using simple circuit analysis. The desired microstrip triple-band BPF operates at the Ku band, resonates at 10.28GHz, 12GHz, and 14.62GHz, while the simulated and experimental results are almost identical. The proposed wideband BPF satisfies the International Telecommunication Union ((ITU) region 3 spectrum requirements. Direct Broadcast Service (DBS) and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) in transmit mode respectively employ the frequency band 11.41-12.92GHz and 14-14.5GHz.

Study of Seasonal Surface Refractivity over North-Central Nigeria

Tropospheric radio wave signals experience loss due to multipath effect, scattering and other forms of attenuation through the atmospheric medium, primarily due to variations in weather conditions with time. The knowledge of surface refractivity profile is important for optimal planning of Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) terrestrial radio links in a region. The study of surface refractivity (Ns) over the North-Central Nigeria was carried out using meteorological data from seven locations in North-Central zone of Nigeria. The seasonal variations of Ns were also derived using the monthly summaries of surface data obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) over seven stations of Abuja, Lafia, Lokoja, Makurdi, Jos, Minna and Ilorin between 2005 and 2010.The results indicated that the monthly averages of radio refractivity during the rainy season months (April to October) are greater than the Ns values during the dry season months (November to March) for all the locations throughout the years of the study. The computed of mean monthly Ns over all the seven stations in the first 1 km above the ground level is 348 N-units, which gives mean refractivity gradient (dN/dh) of -49 N/k, these shows that the region is characterised by low scale super-refraction. The mean k-factor over the entire region in the first 1 km above the ground level is 1.4; the mean Field Strength Variability (FSV) in first 1 km of height in the region was calculated to be 14 dB. The mean Radio Horizon distance within 1 km height for a transmitter height of 100 m over the stations is 42 km. The results provide useful information needed by radio engineers to set up new terrestrial radio propagation links or to improve on the existing ones especially at VHF, UHF in the North-Central region of Nigeria, as recommended by International Telecommunication Union Recommendations (ITU-R P.453, 2013), which observed the need for local reference data on refractivity and refractivity gradients all over the world.

DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION FOR 2023-2027

Представлены общие условия формирования Стратегического плана (СП) Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ) на период 2024-2027 гг. Показаны возможности его совершенствования по сравнению с действующим СП на 20202023 гг., направленные на обеспечение преемственности СП, повышение открытости, прозрачности и роли СП в создании условий для реализации концепции «Единый МСЭ» с учетом методологического опыта Организации Объединенных Наций (ООН). Обоснована возможность сохранения пяти существующих стратегических целей МСЭ на перспективу 2024-2027 гг. и соответствующих им целевых показателей. Предложена новая формулировка миссии МСЭ. Определены общие рамочные требования к СП МСЭ. The general conditions for the formation of the Strategic Plan ( SP) of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the period 2024-2027 are presented. Possibilities of its improvement in comparison with the current SP for 2020-2023 are shown,aimedatensuring the continuityoftheSP, increasing transparency and the role of the SP in creating conditions for the implementation of the “One ITU” concept, taking into account the methodological experience of the United Nations (UN). The possibility of preserving the five existing strategic goals of the ITU for the perspective of 2024-2027 and their corresponding targets are substantiated. A new formulation of the ITU mission is proposed. General framework requirements for the ITU SP are formulated.

ANALYSIS OF ITU-T AND ITU-R RECOMMENDATIONS ON FIFTH-GENERATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. PART I

Публикация представляет собой первую часть статьи,посвященной деятельности Международного союза электросвязи (МСЭ)в области стандартизации сетей связи пятого поколения и дальнейших перспективных разработок. Рассмотрены ключевые документы МСЭ-R, заложившие основу для исследований и разработки как радиоинтерфейсов, так и сетевой архитектуры сетей 5G/IMT-2020, ориентированной на качественно новые функции и услуги. Результаты нашли свое отражение в документах фокус-групп и в рекомендациях МСЭ-Т. This publication is the first part of an article devoted to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) activity on the standardization of fifth-generation communication networks and further promising developments. The key ITU-R documents, which laid the foundation for research and development of both radio interfaces and the network architecture of 5G/IMT-2020 networks, focused on qualitatively new functions and services, are considered. The results are reflected in ITU-T focus group papers and ITU-T Recommendations.

Reflections on the International Telecommunication Union: International Organizations as Epistemic Structures

This chapter discusses the role of international organizations in the production and dissemination of knowledge. Outlining a notion of epistemic authority suitable for international organizations (distinguishing between authority based on knowledge, and authority by means of knowledge), it then zooms in on the work of the International Telecommunication Union, one of the oldest (and least visible) international organizations around. The analysis of the ITU’s work, in turn, feeds back into further thinking about the law of international organizations: how, if at all, can the law and its underlying theoretical framework take epistemic authority into account?