scholarly journals Pharmacotherapy for Preeclampsia in Low and Middle Income Countries: An Analysis of Essential Medicines Lists

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shifana Lalani ◽  
Tabassum Firoz ◽  
Laura A. Magee ◽  
Diane Sawchuck ◽  
Beth Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Essential Medicines Lists ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Selection of Essential Medicines for Diabetes in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Survey of 32 National Essential Medicines Lists

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e106072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser T. Bazargani ◽  
Anthonius de Boer ◽  
Hubert G. M. Leufkens ◽  
Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Essential Medicines Lists ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Stock-Outs of Essential Medicines Among Community Health Workers (CHWs) In Low- And Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Literature Review of The Extent, Reasons, And Consequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abimbola Olaniran ◽  
Jane Briggs ◽  
Ami Pradhan ◽  
Erin Bogue ◽  
Benjamin Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background: This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential medicines among Community Health Workers (CHWs) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and identifies the reasons for and consequences of essential medicine stock-outs. Methods: A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched with a prespecified strategy and the grey literature examined, January 2006 - March 2021. Papers containing information on (i) the percentage of CHWs stocked out or (ii) reasons for stock-outs along the supply chain and consequences of stock-out were included and appraised for risk of bias. Outcomes were quantitative data on the extent of stock-out, summarized using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data regarding reasons for and consequences of stock-outs, analyzed using thematic content analysis and narrative synthesis. Results: Two reviewers screened 1083 records; 78 evaluations were included. Over the last fifteen years, CHWs experienced stock-outs of essential medicines nearly one third of the time and at a significantly (p < 0.01) higher rate than the health centers to which they are affiliated (28.93% [CI 95%: 28.79 - 29.07] vs 9.17 % [CI 95%: 8.64 - 9.70], respectively). A comparison of the period 2006-2015 and 2016-2021 showed a significant (p < 0.01) increase in CHW stock-out level from 26.36% [CI 95%: 26.22 -26.50] to 48.65% [CI 95%: 48.02- 49.28] while that of health centers increased from 7.79% [95% CI: 7.16 - 8.42] to 14.28% [95% CI: 11.22- 17.34]. Distribution barriers were the most cited reasons for stock-outs. Ultimately, patients were the most affected: stock-outs resulted in out-of-pocket expenses to buy unavailable medicines, poor adherence to medicine regimes, dissatisfaction, and low service utilization. Conclusion: Community-level stock-out of essential medicines constitutes a serious threat to achieving universal health coverage and equitable improvement of health outcomes. This paper suggests stock-outs are getting worse, and that there are particular barriers at the last mile. There is an urgent need to address the health and non-health system constraints that prevent the essential medicines procured for LMICs by international and national stakeholders from reaching the people who need them the most.

scholarly journals Selection of Blood, Blood Components, and Blood Products as Essential Medicines in 105 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Washington T. Samukange ◽  
Helga Gardarsdottir ◽  
Hubert G.M. Leufkens ◽  
Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals How does performance-based financing affect the availability of essential medicines in Cameroon? A qualitative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii4-iii19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidore Sieleunou ◽  
Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay ◽  
Manuela De Allegri ◽  
Jean-Claude Taptué Fotso ◽  
Habakkuk Azinyui Yumo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Performance Based Financing ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Performance-based financing (PBF) is being implemented across low- and middle-income countries to improve the availability and quality of health services, including medicines. Although a few studies have examined the effects of PBF on the availability of essential medicines (EMs) in low- and middle-income countries, there is limited knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these effects. Our research aimed to explore how PBF in Cameroon influenced the availability of EMs, and to understand the pathways leading to the experiential dimension related with the observed changes. The design was an exploratory qualitative study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, using semi-structured questionnaires. Key informants were selected using purposive sampling. The respondents (n = 55) included health services managers, healthcare providers, health authorities, regional drugs store managers and community members. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative data analysis software. Thematic analysis was performed. Our findings suggest that the PBF programme improved the perceived availability of EMs in three regions in Cameroon. The change in availability of EMs experienced by stakeholders resulted from several pathways, including the greater autonomy of facilities, the enforced regulation from the district medical team, the greater accountability of the pharmacy attendant and supply system liberalization. However, a sequence of challenges, including delays in PBF payments, limited autonomy, lack of leadership and contextual factors such as remoteness or difficulty in access, was perceived to hinder the capacity to yield optimal changes, resulting in heterogeneity in performance between health facilities. The participants raised concerns regarding the quality control of drugs, the inequalities between facilities and the fragmentation of the drug management system. The study highlights that some specific dimensions of PBF, such as pharmacy autonomy and the liberalization of drugs supply systems, need to be supported by equity interventions, reinforced regulation and measures to ensure the quality of drugs at all levels.

scholarly journals Essential medicines for COPD and asthma in low and middle-income countries

Thorax ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1149-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaser T Bazargani ◽  
Anthonious de Boer ◽  
Hubert G M Leufkens ◽  
Aukje K Mantel-Teeuwisse
Keyword(s):  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Essential medicines for breast cancer in low and middle income countries

BMC Cancer ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Bazargani ◽  
A. de Boer ◽  
J. H. M. Schellens ◽  
H. G. M. Leufkens ◽  
Aukje K. Mantel-Teeuwisse
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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