Objective Many patients with bipolar disorder are treated exclusively in primary care settings, and the use of atypical antipsychotics as primary treatment for bipolar depression is increasing. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are common side effects of antipsychotic medications, and clinicians should actively monitor for these symptoms when prescribing antipsychotic medications. Accurate diagnosis of EPS is especially important as the symptoms can be highly distressing, and in some cases, life threatening. Our aim is to familiarize primary care providers and other clinicians prescribing antipsychotic medications with EPS and to aid in its rapid diagnosis and treatment. Method We describe a case of lurasidone induced dystonia with prominent laryngospasm and oculogyric crisis which was missed for many years in the primary care setting, largely due to misdiagnosis of symptoms as being related to anxiety and panic attacks. Results In addition to summarizing this illustrative case, we present the most common forms of EPS and summarize the primary therapies for each type of EPS. Conclusions With increased management of bipolar disorder in the primary care setting and increased use of atypical antipsychotics as the primary therapy for bipolar disorder, it is essential that all practitioners are prepared to actively monitor for EPS, followed by its rapid diagnosis and treatment.
Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in African children in a primary care setting by use of Xpert MTB/RIF on respiratory specimens: a prospective study
