Highlighting the Value of Dimensional Conceptualizations and Environmental Influences: Commentary on Issues and New Directions in Personality Disorder Genetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Susan C. South ◽  
Amber M. Jarnecke
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
New Directions

scholarly journals The different origins of stability and change in antisocial personality disorder symptoms

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ALEXANDRA BURT ◽  
MATT McGUE ◽  
LATANYA A. CARTER ◽  
WILLIAM G. IACONO
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
The Stability

Background. Although adult antisocial personality disorder is generally preceded by a pattern of childhood/adolescent conduct problems, only a subset of those who manifest these developmental precursors go on exhibit significant antisocial behavior in adulthood. To date, however, researchers have yet to resolve the origins of either stability or change in antisocial behavior from childhood/adolescence to adulthood.Method. The present study sought to fill this gap in the literature, making use of a sample of 626 twin pairs from the ongoing Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS). Participants were assessed three times between late adolescence and early adulthood. We made use of biometric Cholesky decomposition and latent growth curve modeling techniques, which allow researchers to disambiguate processes of stability and change and evaluate their respective etiologies (i.e. genetic or environmental).Results. Our results revealed that genetic forces were largely responsible for the stability of adult symptoms of antisocial behavior (AAB) from late adolescence through mid-adulthood, while non-shared environmental influences were primarily responsible for change. Importantly, however, although some of the latter represented systematic and long-lasting influence, much of this non-shared environmental variance appeared transient and idiosyncratic.Conclusions. Such findings highlight the enduring impact of genetic influences on AAB, and offer insights into the nature of non-shared environmental influences on development.

scholarly journals NEW DIRECTIONS IN MEDICINE

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Author Author
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
New Directions

BIRTH DEFECTS OFTEN LINKED TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

New Directions in Theories of Language Acquisition

1976 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Developmental Perspective ◽  
Semantic Description ◽  
Linguistic Development ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Satisfactory Account

Nativistic explanations, which posit innate rather than environmental influences on development, characterize many theories of language acquisition. Marilyn H. Edmonds offers some reasons for this bias and discusses the deficiencies of nativism as an explanatory principle. She reviews and critiques existing theories of syntax and highlights the trend toward a semantic description of linguistic development. Combining this semantic emphasis with a Piagetian framework, Edmonds argues that a satisfactory account of language acquisition will not emerge until this process is viewed within a larger developmental perspective.

scholarly journals The role of environmental influences in the complex relationship between borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: review of recent findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Calvo ◽  
Benjamin Lara ◽  
Laia Serrat ◽  
Violeta Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Òscar Andión ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Childhood Traumas

Abstract Background In recent years, the existence of possible developmental pathways from childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to adult Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) has been suggested. The existence of common genetic factors has been described but there is little evidence on the role of environmental factors in the possible transition from one disorder to another throughout life. The main goal of this work is to review the literature about the existing evidence on childhood traumas as factors that mediate the risk of developing BPD in children with ADHD. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct and PsychInfo databases. Criteria included studies of BPD and ADHD relationships and childhood traumas as environmental influences from epidemiological or clinical samples. Results The review only identified 4 studies that matched the search criteria. All studies retrospectively analyzed childhood traumas, and adult patients with BPD, with or without comorbid ADHD, were the most frequently mentioned. The analyzed evidence reinforces the relationship between the number of childhood traumas and higher clinical severity. Three of these analyzed studies describe an increased the risk of children with ADHD who report emotional and sexual traumatic experiences to develop BPD in adulthood. Conclusions The experience of traumatic childhood events, especially those of an emotional type, may have a mediating effect of an increased risk of developing adult BPD in childhood ADHD patients. However, to consider them as risk factors, more studies, and especially longitudinal studies, are necessary to clarify the probable transactional process between the two disorders. Evidence from these studies may be helpful to develop early intervention programs to reduce the functional impairment associated with the two disorders.

Personality Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 272-284
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Type Condition ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Avoidant Personality Disorder ◽  
Dysfunctional Behavior ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder ◽  
Developmental Features

The chapter discusses personality disorders, which are defined as pervasive, enduring, inflexible patterns of dysfunctional behavior linked to abnormal configurations of personality traits. Specifically, this chapter focuses on borderline personality disorder (BPD), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), and avoidant personality disorder (APD). After an overview of these disorders, their developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorders within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model. The author proposes to classify BPD and NPD as fast spectrum (F-type) conditions, OCPD as a slow spectrum (S-type) condition, and APD as a defense activation (D-type) condition characterized by chronic social anxiety.

scholarly journals Antisocial personality disorder: new directions

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Yakeley ◽  
Andrew Williams
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Technique ◽  
Nice Guidelines ◽  
New Directions

SummaryAntisocial personality disorder is a complex condition carrying high rates of comorbidity and mortality for individuals as well as harmful consequences for their families and society. Despite the publication of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for the disorder, the evidence base and provision of effective treatments remain inadequate, and the belief that the condition is untreatable remains widespread among psychiatrists and other professionals. This article highlights current diagnostic controversies and summarises the evidence for conceptualising antisocial personality disorder as a disorder of attachment. Informed by this developmental perspective, we provide a framework for the management and treatment of adults with antisocial personality disorder, highlighting the importance of creating a safe setting and recommending adaptations of therapeutic technique to facilitate the engagement of this ‘treatment-rejecting’ patient population. We conclude with an outline of the current government policy on the treatment of high-risk offenders with personality disorder.LEARNING OBJECTIVESKnow the current diagnostic criteria and epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder.Evaluate the evidence that antisocial personality disorder can be conceptualised as a disorder of attachment, and use a developmental framework to inform treatment interventions.Gain an understanding of psychological approaches to antisocial personality disorder.

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