The State of the Prisons in England and Wales

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Howard
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
England And Wales

The Enfranchisement of Leaseholds, and the Taxation of Ground Rents, Chief Rents and Kindred Charges on Land in England and Wales

1893 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-487
Author(s):  
Arthur Wyndham Tarn
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
General System ◽  
The State ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Similar Nature ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
At Will

The custom of letting land for agricultural or building purposes i s a very ancient one, the earliest records of such a custom being those which have been preserved in the Institutes of Justinian. From these records we discover that under the Roman Empire there were in use four distinct forms of leasehold tenure. The most important tenure was that known as Emphyteusis—a Greek word meaning planting—which was introduced in the 2nd century, and arose out of the practice of making perpetual leases of provincial lands belonging to the State and acquired by the rights of war. This tenure was afterwards adopted by private proprietors, who, through inability to devote sufficient time or trouble to the cultivation of their property, preferred to let it to a suitable tenant called the Emphyteuta, who agreed to pay an annual rent for the use of the land. Of a similar nature to Emphyteusis was the tenure called Superficies, by which a landed proprietor conceded to another person an area of ground for the erection of buildings without parting with the ownership of the soil. A third class was that known as Precarium, which, being equivalent to a tenancy at will, could be determined by the grantor at his pleasure. Lastly, there was a general system of short leaseholds, the usual term being five years, at the end of which the lease might either be renewed or be considered as one from year to year. In all leases the tenant was bound to pay the burdens attached to the holding of the land and to deliver the receipts to the owner (1).

Insanity in Bar of Trial in Scotland: A State Hospital Study

1978 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Chiswick
Keyword(s):  
State Hospital ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Group ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Hospital Study

SummaryLegal findings of unfitness to stand trial are returned ten times more frequently in Scotland than in England and Wales. Sixty-five patients in the State Hospital who had been found insane in bar of trial were compared with a control group of 64 offender patients. They showed a significantly greater incidence of homicidal crimes and diagnoses of psychotic disorders, 19 per cent of which later proved to be unstable. They had also been detained longer at the State Hospital. These findings are discussed and particular reference is made to the tendency for psychotic offenders to be almost automatically regarded as unfit to plead. A brief comparison is made with the situation in England, and some modifications in forensic psychiatric procedure are suggested.

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