New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Gates ◽  
Eric Gorscak ◽  
Peter J. Makovicky
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
North America ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Western Interior Seaway ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Unidentified Species

AbstractCretaceous aquatic ecosystems were amazingly diverse, containing most clades of extant aquatic vertebrates as well as an array of sharks and rays not present today. Here we report on the chondrichthyan fauna from the late Maastrichtian site that yielded the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton FMNH PF 2081 (“SUE”). Significant among the recovered fauna is an unidentified species of carcharhinid shark that adds to the fossil record of this family in the Cretaceous, aligning with estimates from molecular evidence of clade originations. Additionally, a new orectolobiform shark, here named Galagadon nordquistae n. gen. n. sp., is diagnosed on the basis on several autapomorphies from over two-dozen teeth. Common chondrichthyan species found at the “SUE” locality include Lonchidion selachos and Myledaphus pustulosus. Two phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference) based on twelve original dental character traits combined with 136 morphological traits from a prior study of 28 fossil and extant taxa, posited Galagadon n. gen. in two distinct positions: as part of a clade inclusive of the fossil species Cretorectolobus olsoni and Cederstroemia triangulata plus extant orectolobids from the Maximum Parsimony analysis; and as the sister taxon to all extant hemiscyllids from the Bayesian Inference. Model-based biogeographical reconstructions based on both optimal trees suggest rapid island hopping-style dispersal from the Western Pacific to the Western Interior Seaway of North America where Galagadon n. gen. lived. Alternatively, the next preferred model posits a broader, near-global distribution of Orectolobiformes with Galagadon n. gen. dispersing into its geographic position from this large ancestral range.UUID: http://zoobank.org/61e32ffc-4f87-4ff7-820d-0bb33a80f0a0

Molecular evidence for the systematic positions of two enigmatic mosses: Pterogonidium pulchellum (Sematophyllaceae, Musci) and Piloecium pseudorufescens (Myuriaceae, Musci)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
Ying Chang ◽  
Chan Woon Khiong ◽  
Sean W. Graham ◽  
Benito C. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Rbcl Gene ◽  
Branch Support ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Rbcl Gene Sequences

The systematic position of Pterogonidium pulchellum (W.J. Hooker) Muell. Hal. in the Sematophyllaceae and Piloecium pseudorufescens (Hampe) Muell. Hal. in the Myuriaceae is reexamined with new evidence derived from rbcL gene sequences. A total of 18 taxa from Sematophyllaceae, Hypnaceae, Myuriaceae, and Hookeriaceae were included, 11 of which were newly sequenced for the rbcL gene. Analyses were done using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood (TrN + Γ + I model and GTR + Γ + I model), and Bayesian inference (GTR + Γ + I model). The results show that Pterogonidium pulchellum has a closer relationship with members of Hypnaceae than with Sematophyllaceae, while Piloecium pseudorufescens forms a clade with the Sematophyllaceae in all phylogenetic analyses, with robust branch support. Two SOWH tests were carried out and the results show that it is not appropriate to classify Pterogonidium pulchellum in Sematophyllaceae and it is also not appropriate to classify Piloecium pseudorufescens in Myuriaceae.

scholarly journals The Phylogenetic Relationship Revealed Three New Wood-Inhabiting Fungal Species From Genus Trechispora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Chang-Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Inference Methods

Wood-inhabiting fungi play a significant role in wood degradation and the cycle of matter in the ecological system. In the present study, three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Trechispora bambusicola, Trechispora fimbriata, and Trechispora fissurata spp. nov., are nested in Trechispora, which are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (nLSU) regions of the studied samples were generated, and the phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS showed that T. bambusicola was sister to Trechispora stevensonii, T. fimbriata grouped with Trechispora nivea, and T. fissurata grouped with Trechispora echinospora. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS + nLSU sequences demonstrated that T. bambusicola formed a single lineage and then grouped with Trechispora rigida and T. stevensonii. T. fimbriata was sister to T. nivea. T. fissurata grouped with Trechispora thelephora.

Neofavolus yunnanensis sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from China: evidence from morphology and DNA sequence data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 408 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAI-YUE LUO ◽  
XIANG MA ◽  
CHANG-LIN ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Inference Methods

A new wood-inhabiting species, Neofavolus yunnanensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by an annual growth, laterally stipitate basidiomata with reniform to semicircular pileus, dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, IKI–, CB–, and cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI–, CB– basidiospores. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses showed that N. yunnanensis was nested into the genus Neofavolus and then was as a sister with N. mikawae and then grouped with N. alveolaris and N. cremeoalbidus.

scholarly journals Morphological and Phylogenetic Evidence for Recognition of Two New Species of Phanerochaete from East Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1063
Author(s):  
Dong-Qiong Wang ◽  
Chang-Lin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Inference Methods

Two new corticioid fungal species, Phanerochaete pruinosa and P. rhizomorpha spp. nov. are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Phanerochaete pruinosa is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata with the pruinose hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septate generative hyphae and subcylindrical basidiospores measuring as 3.5–6.7 × 1.5–2.7 µm. Phanerochaete rhizomorpha is characterized by having a smooth hymenophore covered by orange hymenial surface, the presence of rhizomorphs, subulate cystidia, and narrower ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores. Sequences of ITS+nLSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied specimens were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. These phylogenetic analyses showed that two new species clustered into genus Phanerochaete, in which P. pruinosa was sister to P. yunnanensis with high supports (100% BS, 100% BT, 1.00 BPP); morphologically differing by a pale orange to greyish orange and densely cracked hymenial surface. Another species P. rhizomorpha was closely grouped with P. citrinosanguinea with lower supports; morphologically having yellow to reddish yellow hymenial surface, and smaller cystidia measuring as 31–48 × 2.3–4.8 µm.

Gloeodontia yunnanensis sp. nov. (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from China, evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 432 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
LU CHEN ◽  
ZHENG-JUN SHI ◽  
CHUN-HUA WU ◽  
CHANG-LIN ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Monophyletic Lineage ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Inference Methods

A new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Gloeodontia yunnanensis, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and DNA data. The species is characterized by an annual, resupinate basidiomata with smooth hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with thin-walled, clamped generative hyphae and obclavate cystidia and subglobose to globose, hyaline, thick-walled, asperulate, strongly amyloid, acyanophilous basidiospores measuring 3.3–4.3 × 2.5–3.5 µm. Sequences of ITS and 28S gene regions of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference methods. The analyses based on ITS+28S sequences showed that G. yunnanensis nested in the Gloeodontia clade and formed a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP).

Phlebia nigrodontea sp. nov. in Meruliaceae (Polyporales) with a black hymenial surface

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 458 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
RUO-XIA HUANG ◽  
KAI-YUE LUO ◽  
CHANG-LIN ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Monophyletic Lineage ◽  
Phlebioid Clade ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Inference Methods

A new wood-inhabiting fungus, Phlebia nigrodontea, is proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by a grandinioid hymenophore with vinaceous brown to black colour, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, colourless, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores (3.9–4.9 × 2.3–3.1 µm). Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses carried out using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analyses based on the molecular data of ITS+nLSU sequences showed that P. nigrodontea nested within the phlebioid clade. A further investigation of more representative taxa from Phlebia, based on ITS+nLSU sequences, demonstrated that the species P. nigrodontea formed a monophyletic lineage with strong support (100% BS, 100% BT, 1.00 BPP) and closely grouped with P. chrysocreas.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae:Culexspp.) from the Sonoran Desert of North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Pfeiler ◽  
Carlos A. Flores-López ◽  
Jesús Gerardo Mada-Vélez ◽  
Juan Escalante-Verdugo ◽  
Therese A. Markow
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
North America ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Unidentified Species

The population genetics and phylogenetic relationships ofCulexmosquitoes inhabiting the Sonoran Desert region of North America were studied using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) from mosquitoes collected over a wide geographic area, including the Baja California peninsula, and mainland localities in southern Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico, showed several well-supported partitions corresponding toCx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis,and two unidentified species,Culexsp. 1 and sp. 2.Culex quinquefasciatuswas found at all localities and was the most abundant species collected.Culex tarsaliswas collected only at Tucson, Arizona and Guaymas, Sonora. The two unidentified species ofCulexwere most abundant at Navojoa in southern Sonora. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the COI gene segment were substantially lower inCx. quinquefasciatuscompared with the other three species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed little structure among seven populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus, whereas significant structure was found between the two populations ofCx. tarsalis. Evidence for an historical population expansion beginning in the Pleistocene was found forCx. tarsalis. Possible explanations for the large differences in genetic diversity betweenCx. quinquefasciatusand the other species ofCulexare presented.

scholarly journals Lamproconiaceae fam. nov. to accommodate Lamproconium desmazieri

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 270 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHADA NORPHANPHOUN ◽  
SINANG HONGSANAN ◽  
MINGKWAN DOILOM ◽  
DARBHE J. BHAT ◽  
TING-CHI WEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
New Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Data

The genus Lamproconium comprises species that are endophytes, saprobes and pathogens on a wide variety of plants. This genus is currently placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Fresh specimens of Lamproconium were collected in Russia and studied to provide morphological and phylogenetic data. Phylogenetic analyses of single spore isolates generated from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses using combined ITS and LSU sequence data, place L. desmazieri in the order Diaporthales. Melanconis desmazieri is synonymized under Lamproconium desmazieri, and Lamproconiaceae is introduced as a new family to accommodate L. desmazieri and Hercospora tiliae, based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses.

A new species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Baenidae

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler R. Lyson ◽  
Walter G. Joyce
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Hell Creek Formation ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
A New Species

New Palatobaena material from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), including the first skull and shell association, from southwestern North Dakota represents a new species named herein Palatobaena cohen. the material consists of 4 skulls, 2 lower jaws, and 2 shells and represents a true biological population (spatially and temporally restricted), which provides unprecedented access to ontogenetic and other intraspecific variation found in this taxon. the skull's round shape and lack of a lingual ridge on the greatly expanded triturating surface indicate its Palatobaena affinities, but it differs from both previously existing Palatobaena taxa in a number of features. the addition of shell characters to the most inclusive baenid phylogenetic analyses (Maximum parsimony and Bayesian) to date indicate that Pa. cohen is sister taxon to the other Palatobaena taxa. Notably, both the maximum parsimony analysis and Bayesian analysis provide strong support for Plesiobaena antiqua as sister to the Palatobaena clade. in addition, both analyses provide strong support for Stygiochelys estesi as sister to the Eocene clade of Baena arenosa and Chisternon undatum, which significantly reduces this clades' ghost lineage. the baenid topology reveals a demonstrably homoplastic trend towards the reduction of the temporal emargination and unique thickening of the posterior portion of the parietals that corresponds with the K/T boundary and is hypothesized to have provided limited protection from increasingly effective mammalian predators.

scholarly journals Psilocybe chuxiongensis, a new bluing species from subtropical China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ma ◽  
YING FENG ◽  
XIAO-FEI LIN ◽  
SAMANTHA C. KARUNARATHNA ◽  
WEI-FENG DING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Support

A new bluing species of Psilocybe in sect. Caerulescentes is described from subtropical China. It is closely related to P. cubensis but can be differentiated by the lack of an annulus and the buff-yellow to yellowish brown, hemispheric to hemispheric-convex pileus without an umbo or papilla. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nrLSU and combined rpb2-tef1-α datasets using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference also indicate its uniqueness. The relationship with P. cubensis is well-supported by molecular data with high support values in all three datasets. Psilocybe chuxiongensis sp. nov. is presented here with a description, photographs, and line drawings.

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