Between the Czech Krkonoše and the German Riesengebirge: Nationalism and Tourism in the Giant Mountains, 1880s–1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Stanislav Holubec
Keyword(s):  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
The Alps

Abstract The article deals with Czech and German nationalist discourses and practices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as they relate to tourism in the Krkonoše/Riesengebirge, the highest Central European mountain range between the Alps and Scandinavia. It will discuss the discourses developed in relation to mountain tourism and nationalism (metaphors of battlefields, wedges, walls, gates, and bastions), different symbolical cores of mountains, and practices of tourist and nationalist organizations (tourist trails and markings, excursions, the ownership of mountains huts, languages used, memorials, and the construction of roads). It will examine how these discourses and practices changed from the first Czech-German ethnic conflicts in the 1800s until the end of interwar Czechoslovakia. Finally, it will discuss the Czech culture of defeat in the shadow of the Munich Agreement, which meant the occupation of the Giant Mountains by Nazi Germany.

scholarly journals Extreme geomorphic events in the contemporary evolution of forested slopes in a Central European mountain range, the Sudetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
MIGOŃ Piotr
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flows ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Surface Processes ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Contemporary Evolution ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
Recurrence Intervals

Forested slopes of the Sudetes have long been implicitly considered as stable under contemporary environmental conditions, with little geomorphic change throughout the Holocene. This view is difficult to sustain and this review-type paper brings together evidence that infrequent but potent surface processes locally cause significant remodelling of slopes and regolith removal or redistribution. These processes are debris flows, shallow and deepseated landslides, episodes of efficient linear water erosion and windthrows. All are triggered by exceptional meteorological events such as heavy rain or strong wind, but additional factors of slope steepness and suitable lithology play a role. Scarce database does not permit to firmly establish recurrence intervals of such events but they seem to occur at least once per decade (within the entire mountain range) for rain-induced phenomena and two-three times per century for wind-induced phenomena.

scholarly journals Orobanche flava (Orobanchaceae) in Poland: current distribution, taxonomy, hosts and plant communities

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Renata Piwowarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Central European ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Southern Poland ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Critical Revision

Abstract Orobanche flava is a species of Central European mountain ranges, mainly the Alps and Carpathian Mts. The paper presents the current distribution of O. flava in Poland based on a critical revision of herbarium and literature data as well as results of field investigations conducted between 1999 and 2014. The distribution of species is centered in southern Poland, mainly in the Carpathian Mts., and, sporadically, in the Sudeten Mts. The distribution of O. flava in Poland is mapped. The taxonomy, biology, and ecology are also discussed.

scholarly journals Gehören die Alpen dem Fremdenverkehr? 150 Jahre Tourismuskritik

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
Jon Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
The Alps

The term “tourist” appeared in English in the late eighteenth century and spread to other European languages in the first half of the nineteenth century. The corresponding sector first appeared in German as Fremdenverkehr. Since the 1970s, the neutral, internationally used term “tourism” has become the standard for the mobility industry. The industry is unique and in some aspects unlike any other industry. Foreign buyers of tourist services are not only customers of specific tourism companies, but also guests of tourist regions. They move within an environment created by others and sometimes appropriate the public space of this area, especially by participating in the expansive mass tourism. This has recently led to the emergence of the term “overtourism”. It is associated with a need to reduce the burden of some fashionable tourist regions caused by an excessive influx of tourists. The Alps are one of those regions in which tourism developed as an industry already in the nineteenth century. The number of tourists in this European mountain range — initially especially in Switzerland — grew considerably particularly after 1850. The period was marked by a rapid development of infrastructure in the form of modern forms of transport, accommodation and other services. Tourism became an indicator and factor in civic “progress”. Yet at the same time there appeared voices questioning this development. The author of the present article discusses three examples from various spheres, periods and regions illustrating the history of the growth of tourism in the Alps. The first part is devoted to literature, specifically to a satirical journal of a journey to Switzerland, published for the first time in 1880. The second part deals with science, drawing mainly on the work of a French geographer and her writings from 1956–1971. The third part concerns tourism policy in recent years in a fashionable Austrian village in the Alps. 

scholarly journals Czy Alpy są dla turystyki? 150 lat krytyki ruchu turystycznego

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
Jon Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
The Alps

The term “tourist” appeared in English in the late eighteenth century and spread to other European languages in the first half of the nineteenth century. The corresponding sector first appeared in German as Fremdenverkehr. Since the 1970s, the neutral, internationally used term “tourism” has become the standard for the mobility industry. The industry is unique and in some aspects unlike any other industry. Foreign buyers of tourist services are not only customers of specific tourism companies, but also guests of tourist regions. They move within an environment created by others and sometimes appropriate the public space of this area, especially by participating in the expansive mass tourism. This has recently led to the emergence of the term “overtourism”. It is associated with a need to reduce the burden of some fashionable tourist regions caused by an excessive influx of tourists. The Alps are one of those regions in which tourism developed as an industry already in the nineteenth century. The number of tourists in this European mountain range — initially especially in Switzerland — grew considerably particularly after 1850. The period was marked by a rapid development of infrastructure in the form of modern forms of transport, accommodation and other services. Tourism became an indicator and factor in civic “progress”. Yet at the same time there appeared voices questioning this development. The author of the present article discusses three examples from various spheres, periods and regions illustrating the history of the growth of tourism in the Alps. The first part is devoted to literature, specifically to a satirical journal of a journey to Switzerland, published for the first time in 1880. The second part deals with science, drawing mainly on the work of a French geographer and her writings from 1956–1971. The third part concerns tourism policy in recent years in a fashionable Austrian village in the Alps. 

scholarly journals The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Natascha D. Wagner ◽  
Li He ◽  
Elvira Hörandl
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Mountain ◽  
The Alps

The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relationships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ ecologically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed so far. Further studies are needed to specifically analyze biogeographical history, character evolution, and genome evolution of polyploids.

Microseismicity in the Eastern Alps: Preliminary Results From the Swath-D Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rens Hofman ◽  
Joern Kummerow ◽  
Simone Cesca ◽  
Joachim Wassermann ◽  
Thomas Plenefisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Network Methods ◽  
Data Volume ◽  
Geophysical Processes ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Mountain Belts ◽  
Surrounding Areas

<p>The AlpArray seismological experiment is an international and interdisciplinary project to advance our understanding of geophysical processes in the greater Alpine region. The heart of the project consists of a large seismological array that covers the mountain range and its surrounding areas. To understand how the Alps and their neighbouring mountain belts evolved through time, we can only study its current structure and processes. The Eastern Alps are of prime interest since they currently demonstrate the highest crustal deformation rates. A key question is how these surface processes are linked to deeper structures. The Swath-D network is an array of temporary seismological stations complementary to the AlpArray network located in the Eastern Alps. This creates a unique opportunity to investigate high resolution seismicity on a local scale.</p><p>In this study, a combination of waveform-based detection methods was used to find small earthquakes in the large data volume of the Swath-D network. Methods were developed to locate the seismic events using semi-automatic picks, and estimate event magnitudes. We present an overview of the methods and workflow, as well as a preliminary overview of the seismicity in the Eastern Alps.</p>

Quantification of Hortonian overland flow generation and soil erosion in a Central European low mountain range using rainfall experiments

CATENA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Butzen ◽  
M. Seeger ◽  
S. Wirtz ◽  
M. Huemann ◽  
C. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Central European ◽  
Flow Generation ◽  
Low Mountain Range

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and dispersal potential of the stonefly Dinocras cephalotes in a central European low mountain range

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasco Elbrecht ◽  
Christian K. Feld ◽  
Maria Gies ◽  
Daniel Hering ◽  
Martin Sondermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Central European ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
Low Mountain Range

Historical Land Uses and Their Changes in the European Alps

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Tappeiner ◽  
Erich Tasser
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Ligurian Sea ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
The Alps

The Alps are the highest and largest mountain range in Europe. They extend from the Ligurian Sea to the Pannonian Basin in an arc 744 miles (1,200 km) long and between 93 and 155 miles (150–250 km) wide. The settlement history of this large European landscape is closely linked to the settlement of Europe as a whole, whereby the inner Alpine region was not permanently settled until around 4500 bce because of topographical and climatic disadvantages. Dense forest cover initially made it difficult to use large grazing areas, but transhumance gradually developed in the Alpine region when the animals spent their summers high up in the mountains and their winters in the valleys. At about the same time, the Alpine self-sufficiency economy of arable farming and livestock breeding was added, which made permanent settlement possible. However, the most intensive settlement and land reclamation advance took place in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, industrialization reached the Alpine region a little delayed, and globalization in the middle of the 20th century. This also led to a fundamental change in society. The previous agricultural society was replaced by the service society of the 20th century. Developments since the late 1950s have taken place against the background of developments in the European Union (EU) as a whole, above all the Common Agricultural Policy and the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), but these developments were and still are influenced by additional agreements specific to the Alps, such as the Alpine Convention, the Alpine Protection Commission (CIPRA), and the Alpine Working Community (Arge Alp). All these factors mean that historical and current development of land use in the Alpine region has been and is always linked to developments in Europe. Many studies on land use in the Alpine region should therefore be seen in this context. Moreover, past land use often has long-lasting legacy effects on ecosystems and their development. Therefore, in this article we deal not only with historical land use but also with current and future developments and their impacts on ecosystem functions and services.

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