Understanding circularity in tourism

The spread of the idea of the circular economy has already appeared among service providers; therefore, a growing interest in tourism can be observed. Due to its seasonal nature and because tourism is primarily operated by for-profit actors, whose aspirations focus on economic benefits, tourism in in recent years has developed in the direction of mass tourism. By overriding the approach of sustainability, all this strengthens the damaging effects of tourism on nature and society. The aim of the study is to understand and interpret the circular economy model in the tourism industry; explore the relevant literature through a review analysis and based on the synthesis of principles found in the literature, show directions of how the circular economy can be interpreted in tourism. The main contribution of the study is that besides the contextual understanding of circular tourism, it aims to provide practical issues and examples about circular solutions. The study also highlights that in addition to physical parameters, some solutions could be achieved only by reorganizing processes and practices. Furthermore, based on industrial symbiosis, tourism can support sustainable development at the individual and the regional level.

ICT as an Acculturative Agent and Its Role in the Tourism Context

ICTs have played a transformative role on the cultural components of all stratums of the society. This role has had a demand as well as supply-oriented reflection on the tourism system. In the scope of this chapter, the role of ICTs in the changing social structure is explained through the lens of acculturation. Beyond this, the acculturative process on the modern community's tourism-oriented reflections caused by ICTs were discussed through nine components (renting over owning, free-of-charge ownership, narcissism, connected loneliness, social capital, multiple realities, new identities, novel values, enculturation), and predictions were made with a futuristic perspective. In this context, it was explicated that the ICT-oriented digital acculturation process would add the concepts alternative tourism types, soft mass tourism, sharing economy-based tourism system, intense offline interactions between host and guests, multicultural destinations, virtual reality-based leisure, sharing as a novel pushing motivation, virtual demonstration effect, and diaspora to the future tourism system.

Smiling vs. Frowning Faces

Participatory development has become an integral strategy for achieving sustainable tourism in view of the varying impacts brought by mass tourism. Community participation ensures local control of the pace of tourism development and the creation of a more personalised tourism product. However, some studies have stated tension between governments and locals, which has hindered tourism development. This study, thus, sought to explore the extent to which communities are involved in decision-making and how useful the outcome has been. To achieve the study objectives, two tourism sites in Ghana implemented based on participatory principles, namely Kakum National Park and Afadjato Mountain, were compared. Results of the study suggest there is a fair degree of community involvement at the Gbledi Traditional Area (Afadjato) leading to satisfaction (smiling-faces), rather than Abrafo-Odumase (Kakum), which exhibited dissatisfaction (frowning-faces). The policy and research implications relate mainly to the challenge of achieving sustainable tourism development at the community level.

CAN TOUR GUIDES PROTECT THE MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT FROM MASS TOURISM IMPACTS: SITUATION OF ANDAMAN OCEAN, THAILAND, PRE-COVID-19

This article studies the role of Thai guides in protecting marine and coastal environment against impacts from international tourism, in the Andaman Ocean, Thailand. This is a qualitative study with in-depth interviews of 26 licensed guides that were selected by using purposive and snowball sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, and qualitative data from in-depth interviews and field notes were analyzed with qualitative data analysis. The results show that behaviors affecting marine and coastal environment mostly involve chasing and catching beautiful fish and/or marine animals (76.9%), feeding fish (73.1%), and collecting beautiful stones, rare shells, and/or coral reefs (73.1%). Guides act in the roles of educator, psychologist, entertainer, ambassador, and servant, and protect against impacts to the extent that they can. While some impacts can be avoided, others remain out of scope and control of the guides.

Blicke von der Veranda: Luxustourismus in den Alpen der Jahrhundertwende

Grand hotels had first been a metropolitan phenomenon before they emerged in remote regions of the Alps between the 1880s and the 1930s. This essay explores how these semi-public spaces and early places of modernity engaged with alpine scenery and shaped the very industry of mountain tourism. It analyses the relationship between elite tourism and the natural and social environment of the Alps. The success of mountain grand hotels was tied to increasing industrialization and a new understanding of travel. Their thoughtful detachment from space, time, and society was an expression of a business as much as of social philosophy. Throughout the fin-de-siècle, mountains served as a backdrop for the narrative of the époque’s scientific and technical progress and became subject to rational interpretation and economic exploitation. Mountain grand hotels were not only a key component of tourism infrastructure, but also the bold expression of a presumptuous occupation of spaces set away for tourism. Natural space had widely been turned into social space for visual and leisurely consumption, raising questions of authority, priority, appropriation, and imposition. By mapping the perception of mountains along the history of mountain grand hotels, this essay studies the sites, gazes, and environments of mountain tourism at the fin-de-siècle. It examines how the history of the mountain grand hotel conflates with the forces of colonialism, and capitalism and showcases how these spaces reflect the socio-economic transformations that ultimately paved the way for mountain mass tourism.

Widok z werandy. Turystyka luksusowa w Alpach przełomu wieków

Grand hotels had first been a metropolitan phenomenon before they emerged in remote regions of the Alps between the 1880s and the 1930s. This essay explores how these semi-public spaces and early places of modernity engaged with alpine scenery and shaped the very industry of mountain tourism. It analyses the relationship between elite tourism and the natural and social environment of the Alps. The success of mountain grand hotels was tied to increasing industrialization and a new understanding of travel. Their thoughtful detachment from space, time, and society was an expression of a business as much as of social philosophy. Throughout the fin-de-siècle, mountains served as a backdrop for the narrative of the époque’s scientific and technical progress and became subject to rational interpretation and economic exploitation. Mountain grand hotels were not only a key component of tourism infrastructure, but also the bold expression of a presumptuous occupation of spaces set away for tourism. Natural space had widely been turned into social space for visual and leisurely consumption, raising questions of authority, priority, appropriation, and imposition. By mapping the perception of mountains along the history of mountain grand hotels, this essay studies the sites, gazes, and environments of mountain tourism at the fin-de-siècle. It examines how the history of the mountain grand hotel conflates with the forces of colonialism, and capitalism and showcases how these spaces reflect the socio-economic transformations that ultimately paved the way for mountain mass tourism.

The Development of Tourism on Large Croatian Islands: The Case of Hvar Town on the Island of Hvar

This paper examines the special characteristics of tourism development on the Adriatic islands, focusing on Hvar Town, the largest town and port on the island of Hvar and its busiest destination. The research was carried out using the method of semi-structured interviews. A total of 30 interviews were conducted with the local residents (mostly employed in the tourism sector) and temporary/seasonal visitors. The intention was to learn about the current state of tourism in the town and look at the possible scenarios for the future development of sustainable tourism, based on its three inter-connected aspects: environmental, economic and socio-cultural. The research also considered the influence of various tourism actors on the development, the possibilities of agritourism, the role and importance of cultural tourism and, finally yet importantly, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the last year's drastically shortened summer season. The results show that mass tourism (and its subset party tourism) have dominated the tourist offer since 2000 onwards, changing the reputation of Hvar as the elite travel destination or the family holiday destination it used to have before.

COMPATIBILITY STUDY AND SUPPORTING CAPACITY OF TOURISM AT PERERENAN BEACH BADUNG, BALI

<p>The challenge of Pererenan Beach Development is to determine the efficiency of resource utilization, so that it does not exceed its carrying capacity. The carrying capacity of Pererenan Beach tourism is carried out by analyzing the suitability of coastal tourism. Then calculate the capacity to measure the number of tourists that can be accommodated without damaging the ecosystem. This study aims to determine the suitability and carrying capacity of coastal tourism. The method used is quantitative and descriptive analysis method. The results showed that the carrying capacity of the area on Pererenan Beach was classified under the carrying capacity and had a very suitable relative criterion (S1) with a percentage value of 96% suitable for use as beach recreation tourism. The Covid-19 pandemic provides a lesson that the concept of carrying capacity is important to avoid mass tourism and reduce the number of tourists according to their capacity so that visitors get comfort and travel satisfaction.</p>

„Hiszpania! Jakież czarodziejskie słowo, jakże uroczo brzmi ten wyraz!" Obraz Hiszpanii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w polskich listach z podróży

Modern Polish ideas about the Iberian Peninsula can often be summarised in slogans: azure sky, beautiful women, bullfighting, Don Quixote from La Mancha. Has this image of Spain been with us for centuries, or has it been “produced” by modern mass tourism? The aim of this article is to analyse travel texts from the 19th and 20th centuries describing journeys around the Iberian Peninsula and an attempt to answer the question of what Spain looks like in the eyes of Poles deprived of their own statehood. Is it terra incognita, an exotic country with a rich history, in which travellers find a reflection in architecture and customs, fascinated by Madrid, Barcelona, and Salamanca? Or maybe it evokes disappointment? The article compares travel letters by four Polish travellers and historians: Aleksander Hirschberg, Adolf Pawiński, Józef Wawel-Louis, and Stanisław Starża. The analysis of the letters was divided into thematic blocks: historical Polish-Spanish relations, perceptions and impressions, opinions about Spaniards and Spanish women, and cultural controversies (corrida, cockfighting).

СURRENT PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ECOLOGICAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS FOREST FUND

In order to study current problems and prospects of the ecological tourism development on the territory of the Ukrainian Car-pathians Forest fund, a sociological survey was conducted among Ukrainian citizens. The share of tourists who rested on this territory and are interested in traveling to nature protection sites in order to feel the aesthetics and cleanliness of these objects, get acquainted with local traditions and stay in the unchanging natural conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians is studied. Atten-tion is drawn to the current problems and relevance of the study of ecological tourism on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians Forest fund, since the forest plays a significant role in the development of this type of tourism. A comparative characterization is made between mass and ecological tourism, since mass tourism is considered as a more traditional form of tourism development, where short­term free market principles dominate, income maximization is paramount, and ecological tourism corresponds to the concept of sustainable development. The main factors that hinder the development of ecological tourism on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians Forest fund are considered. The key factors are the lack of information, ignorance of potential visitors about the possibility of functioning of ecological tourism on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians Forest fund, illegal logging, fires, lack of proper infrastructure and the lack of a step­by­step education system in the sphere of tourist and recreational complex, the lack of specialized structures capable of organizing and coordinating the development of ecological tourism at the regional level. It is revealed that effective economic and legal regulation will contribute to the successful development of ecolog-ical tourism. The assessment of the level of ecological tourism development on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians Forest fund was carried out by identifying its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, as a result of which the main idea of ecological tourism was established: environmental protection, new sources of financing for the nature reserve fund, improving the ecological well­being of the population and developing society in accordance with the concept of sustainable development.Keywords: ecological tourism, mass tourism, ecotourist, territories of forest fund, ecological well­being, the Ukrainian Carpathians. Із метою вивчення перспектив розвитку екологічного туризму на території лісового фонду Українських Карпат проведено соціологічне опитування серед громадян України. Досліджено частку туристів, які відпочивали на цій території. Звернено увагу на сучасні проблеми та актуальність дослідження екологічного туризму на території лісового фонду Українських Карпат. Здійснено порівняльну характеристику між масовим та екологічним туризмом. Розглянуто основні чинни-ки, які перешкоджають розвитку екологічного туризму на території лісового фонду Українських Карпат. Обґрунтовано, що успішному розвитку екологічного туризму сприятиме ефективне економіко­правове регулювання. Проведено оцінку рівня розвитку екологічного туризму на території лісового фонду Українських Карпат за допомогою ідентифікації його сильних та слабких сторін, можливостей і загроз.Ключові слова: екологічний туризм, масовий туризм, екотурист, території лісового фонду, екологічний добробут, Українські Карпати.