Control of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) infestation by application of ear tags impregnated with acaricides to cattle in Africa

AbstractNine types of plastic ear tags impregnated with organophosphorus, amidine or synthetic pyrethroid compounds were applied to both ears of groups of five Maasai zebu cattle in Narok District, Kenya, and grazed together with five untagged cattle to which no acaricides were applied. Most of the tag types gave highly efficient control of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann attaching to the head and ears of the cattle, which lasted up to 160 days after application and often completely prevented tick engorgement. All the chemical groups were effective. The most effective tag was a combination of amitraz and permethrin which gave better control than either chemical on its own. Control of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Amblyomma cohaerens Dönitz, A. variegatum (F.) and R. evertsi evertsi Neumann attaching to the bodies of cattle was less effective, although most of the tags exerted some effect. Rainfall appeared to reduce the degree of control by the tags. A role for such impregnated ear tags for the control of cattle ticks in Africa is suggested.

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A survey for resistance to acaricides in cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in three major traditional cattle areas in Zambia

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300012062 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 569-574 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. M. Luguru ◽

H. G. B. Chizyuka ◽

F. L. Musisi

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Amblyomma Variegatum ◽

Resistance Factor ◽

High Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Boophilus Decoloratus ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

Test Kit ◽

Mixed Responses

AbstractA survey for resistance to acaricides in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, Amblyomma variegatum (F.), Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) and B. microplus (Canestrini) was carried out in three important cattle areas of Zambia during three consecutive rainy seasons (November-May) from 1981–82 to 1983–84 to determine the pattern and distribution of resistance to dieldrin, dimethoate, dioxathion and chlorfenvinphos. Resistance was assessed using the FAO resistance test kit. Resistance to dieldrin, dimethoate and dioxathion was found in a greater number of samples from Central and Southern Provinces than from Northern and Eastern Provinces. Relatively high resistance factors were recorded for R. appendiculatus against dimethoate (mean resistance factor (RF) 10·7 ± 3·8×) and dioxathion (mean RF 8·6 ± 1·9×). B. decoloratus from Central and Southern Provinces showed mixed responses to dieldrin and low resistance to dimethoate (mean RF 4·1 ± 2·3×) and dioxathion (6·4 ± 5·0×). Most samples of A. variegatum and B. microplus were susceptible to the four acaricides. Generally, most of the ticks tested showed high susceptibility to chlorfenvinphos.

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Tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) infestations on zebu cattle in northern Uganda

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300033514 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 257-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

M. N. Kaiser ◽

R. W. Sutherst ◽

A. S. Bourne

Keyword(s):

Bos Indicus ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Ovis Aries ◽

Northern Uganda ◽

Zebu Cattle ◽

Adult Males ◽

Seasonal Incidence ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Boophilus Decoloratus ◽

Males And Females

AbstractTick populations were observed on zebu cattle (Bos indicus) over an 18 month period at Patiko in northern Uganda. Monthly collections were made of all stages of ticks from five cattle and six sheep (Ovis aries). Collections of adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann were also made from the ears of about 30 cattle on several occasions. The species recorded on cattle, in order of decreasing abundance, were R. appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius), Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) and R. evertsi evertsi Neumann. Far fewer ticks were collected from the sheep. The adults of R. appendiculatus were randomly distributed over the herd. There was a distinct seasonal incidence of R. appendiculatus and A. variegatum on their hosts, which could be related to rainfall and to the emergence of new cohorts during the long rainy season. In addition, adult females of R. appendiculatus were collected daily off the ears of cattle at Entebbe following an infestation with 200 adult males and females. Measurements of the growth of the ticks were used to define the sizes of ‘standard’ ticks which would complete engorgement in the following 24 h. Such ticks provide a means of sampling to estimate the number of ticks engorging daily. Comparison of the frequency distributions of each stage and species in the Patiko collections were then used to infer the sizes of standard ticks for other species.

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Molecular survey of cattle ticks in Burundi: First report on the presence of the invasive Rhipicephalus microplus tick

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0261218

Author(s):

Lionel Nyabongo ◽

David O. Odongo ◽

Gad Milton ◽

Eunice Machuka ◽

Patrick Vudriko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Tick Species ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

12S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

Agroecological Zones

A recent research study on prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Burundi reported high prevalence and endemicity of Theileria parva, Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina infections in cattle. Detailed information about tick species infesting animals, their distribution and genetic diversity in Burundi is outdated and limited. This study therefore assessed the prevalence and genetic diversity of tick species infesting cattle across agroecological zones (AEZs) in Burundi. A cross-sectional study on the occurrence of tick species was conducted in 24 districts of Burundi between October and December 2017. Differential identification and characterization of ticks collected was conducted using tick morphological keys and molecular tools (cox1 and 12S rRNA gene). Chi-square test was used to test for association between agroecological zones and the prevalence of tick species. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using bayesian and maximum likelihood algorithms. A total of 483 ticks were collected from the five AEZs sampled. Six tick species comprising of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. sanguineus, R. evertsi evertsi, R. microplus, R. decoloratus and Amblyomma variegatum were observed. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most prevalent ticks (~45%). A total of 138 specimens (28%) were found to be Rhipicephalus microplus, suggesting an emerging threat for cattle farmers. Twelve R. appendiculatus cox1 haplotypes were obtained from 106 specimens that were sequenced. Two cox1 haplotypes of R. microplus which clustered into previously reported Clade A were observed. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R. evertsi evertsi ticks, the vectors of numerous zoonotic pathogens, were collected from cattle, which constitute a high risk for public health. These findings reveal an overlapping distribution of tick vectors in Burundi. The design of ticks and tick-borne diseases control strategies should consider the distribution of different vectors across the AEZs particularly the presence of the highly invasive R. microplus tick in Burundi and the potential risk of introducing the pathogenic Babesia bovis.

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Non-tick stock-specific index for assessing resistance of zebu cattle to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae)

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758400007906 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 13 (05) ◽

pp. 685-690

Author(s):

S. Nokoe ◽

D. K. Punyua ◽

P. B. Capstick ◽

A. A. Latif

Keyword(s):

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Zebu Cattle ◽

Specific Index

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Ticks associated with the three largest wild ruminant species in Southern Africa

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v74i3.126 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

I.G. Horak ◽

H. Golezardy ◽

A.C. Uys

Keyword(s):

Ixodid Tick ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Ixodid Ticks ◽

Amblyomma Hebraeum ◽

Wild Ruminant ◽

Ruminant Species ◽

Boophilus Decoloratus ◽

Ixodes Rubicundus ◽

Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi ◽

Host Status

The objective of this study was to assess the host status of the three largest southern African wild ruminants, namely giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis, African buffaloes, Syncerus caffer, and eland, Taurotragus oryx for ixodid ticks. To this end recently acquired unpublished data are added here to already published findings on the tick burdens of these animals, and the total numbers and species of ticks recorded on 12 giraffes, 18 buffaloes and 36 eland are summarized and discussed. Twenty-eight ixodid tick species were recovered. All stages of development of ten species, namely Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Haemaphysalis silacea, Ixodes pilosus group, Margaropus winthemi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum, Rhipicephalus maculates and Rhipicephalus muehlensi were collected. The adults of 13 species, of which the immature stages use small mammals as hosts, namely Haemaphysalis aciculifer, Hyalomma glabrum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Hyalomma truncatum, Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus exophthalmos, Rhipicephalus follis, Rhipicephalus gertrudae, Rhipicephalus lounsburyi, Rhipicephalus lunulatus, Rhipicephalus pravus group and Rhipicephalus simus, were also collected.

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Derivation of an index for assessing the resistance of zebu cattle to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae)

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758400013345 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (01) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

S. Nokoe ◽

P. B. Capstick ◽

A. A. Latif ◽

D. K. Punyua

Keyword(s):

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Zebu Cattle

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Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

10.21203/rs.2.19430/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dennis Muhanguzi ◽

Joseph Byaruhanga ◽

Wilson Amanyire ◽

Christian Ndekezi ◽

Sylvester Ochwo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Tick Species ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

Small Scale ◽

12S Rrna ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

South Eastern ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

Gates Foundation ◽

Eastern Uganda

Abstract Background:Rhipicephalus microplus;an invasive tick species of Asian origin and the main vector of Babesia pecies, is considered one of the most widespread ectoparasites of livestock. The tick has spread from its native habitats on translocated livestock to large parts of the tropical world, where it has replaced some of the local populations of Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Although the tick was reported in Uganda 70 years ago, it has not been found in any subsequent surveys. This study was carried out to update the national tick species distribution on livestock in Uganda as a basis for tick and tick-borne disease control, with particular reference to R.microplus. Methods: The study was carried out in Serere district, south-eastern Uganda, which is dominated by small scale livestock producers. All the ticks collected from 240 cattle were identified microscopically. Five R. microplus specimens were further processed for phylogenetic analysis and species confirmation. Results:The predominant tick species found on cattle was Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (86.9 %; n =16509). Other species found were Amblyomma variegatum(7.2 %; n =1377), Rhipicephalus evertsi(2.3 %; n =434) and R. microplus (3.6 %; n = 687). Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequences of R. microplus confirmed the morphological identification. Conclusions: It is concluded that R. microplus has replaced R. decoloratus, since the latter was not any longer found in this area. There is currently no livestock movement policy in force in Uganda, which could possibly limit the further spread of [i]R. microplus[/i] ticks. Future surveys, but also retrospective surveys of museum specimens, will reveal the extent of distribution of R. microplus in Uganda and also for how long this tick has been present on livestock without being noticed. This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant Number OPP1125367

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Highly efficient control of iron-containing nitrile hydratases by stoichiometric amounts of nitric oxide and light

FEBS Letters ◽

10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00511-5 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 409 (2) ◽

pp. 216-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Didier Bonnet ◽

Isabelle Artaud ◽

Catherine Moali ◽

Dominique Pétré ◽

Daniel Mansuy

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Highly Efficient ◽

Nitrile Hydratases ◽

Efficient Control

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Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. III. Seasonal activity and attachment sites on cattle, with notes on other hosts

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300010981 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 161-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

J. MacLeod ◽

M. H. Colbo ◽

M. H. Madbouly ◽

B. Mwanaumo

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Information ◽

Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽

The Body ◽

Ixodid Ticks ◽

Seasonal Activity ◽

Ecological Studies ◽

Boophilus Decoloratus ◽

Attachment Sites ◽

Cattle Herds ◽

Activity Season

AbstractThe seasonal activity of the adults of 13 tick species was studied on cattle herds in the Central Province of Zambia from 1969 to 1972. The six main species, Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch, H. truncatum Koch, Amblyomma variegatum (F.), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., and R. evertsi Neum. behaved as previously described for the Southern Province. R. compositus Neum. appeared from August, with peak numbers in September–October. R. simus Koch and R. tricuspis Dön. appeared from October, for seven months and three months respectively. R. supertritus Neum. and Ixodes cavipalpus Nutt. & Warb. had a brief activity season from November to January, and R. pravus gp. and R. sanguineus gp. were active from December to July. The distribution of ticks over the body of cattle was determined by fractionised collections, which gave reliable quantitative information for nine of the species. A limited number of collections from sheep, goats and dogs are analysed in relation to season. Collections from 127 wild animals, mainly along the escarpment and riverine bush of the Zambesi, are recorded.

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