The Application of Waqf and Endowment Fund Based on the Principles in the Sharia Maqashid Pillar Society

Islam regulates economic life for the benefit of all. Waqf can be a solution in creating mutual benefit in society. This study aims to analyze the comparison between the practice of waqf for both Muslims and non-Muslims. This study uses qualitative methods. Samples in this study are the Islamic Hospital of endowments and the Gates Foundation. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods. The results show that the Gates Foundation and UNISMA use funds from their business management to distribute to the public. If UNISMA distributes waqf funds for business development and to achieve goodness, the gates foundation is entirely donated to the public. The difference in the company's financial scale is this division.

The rise of big philanthropy in global social policy: implications for policy transfer and analysis

A new group of Western development donors has emerged as increasingly influential actors in global social policy. Big philanthropies have begun implementing social protection projects on a vast scale across the Global South and have become integrated within global governance structures. It is essential to examine whether their approach to social policy in the South is effective, legitimate and desirable for the substantive agendas and programmes in these countries and for analysis of social policy in a development context. This study investigates contemporary big philanthropies through a qualitative case-study of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and its role in the health sector in Tanzania. It examines the ways in which big philanthropies engage and seek to influence policy on the ground, directly exploring the views and experiences of local stakeholders. The study finds that big philanthropies have distinctive features and mechanisms as global social policy entrepreneurs. In contrast to the vertical and linear processes associated with traditional policy transfer, a more messy and complex set of mechanisms are observed. The study also indicates that despite considerable resources and authority, philanthropic donors may not be effective in securing policy reform within aid-receiving countries due to a lack of transparency and embeddedness.

The seasonality of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa

Background Cholera remains a major threat in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where some of the highest case fatality risks are reported. Knowing in what months and where cholera tends to occur across the continent can aid in improving efforts to eliminate cholera as a public health concern; though largely due to lack of unified large-scale datasets, no continent-wide estimates exist. In this study we aim to estimate cholera seasonality across SSA. Methods We leverage the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) global cholera database with statistical models to synthesize data across spatial and temporal scale in order to infer the seasonality of excess suspected cholera occurrence in SSA. We developed a Bayesian statistical model to infer the monthly risk of excess cholera at the first and/or second administrative levels. Seasonality patterns were then grouped into spatial clusters. Finally, we studied the association between seasonality estimates and hydro-climatic variables. Findings The majority of studied countries (24/34) have seasonal patterns in excess cholera, corresponding to approximately 85% of the SSA population. Most countries (19/24) also had sub-national differences in seasonality patterns, with strong differences in seasonality strength between regions. Seasonality patterns clustered into two macro-regions (West Africa and the Sahel vs. Eastern and Southern Africa), which were composed of sub-regional clusters with varying degrees of seasonality. Exploratory association analysis found most consistent and positive correlations between cholera seasonality and precipitation, and to a lesser extent with temperature and flooding. Interpretation Widespread cholera seasonality in SSA offers opportunities for intervention planning. Further studies are needed to study the association between cholera and climate. Funding The NASA Applied Sciences Program and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Ten months of temporal variation in the clinical journey of hospitalised patients with COVID-19: an observational cohort

Background: There is potentially considerable variation in the nature and duration of the care provided to hospitalised patients during an infectious disease epidemic or pandemic. Improvements in care and clinician confidence may shorten the time spent as an inpatient, or the need for admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) or high density unit (HDU). On the other hand, limited resources at times of high demand may lead to rationing. Nevertheless, these variables may be used as static proxies for disease severity, as outcome measures for trials, and to inform planning and logistics.Methods: We investigate these time trends in an extremely large international cohort of 142,540 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Investigated are: time from symptom onset to hospital admission, probability of ICU/HDU admission, time from hospital admission to ICU/HDU admission, hospital case fatality ratio (hCFR) and total length of hospital stay.Results: Time from onset to admission showed a rapid decline during the first months of the pandemic followed by peaks during August/September and December 2020. ICU/HDU admission was more frequent from June to August. The hCFR was lowest from June to August. Raw numbers for overall hospital stay showed little variation, but there is clear decline in time to discharge for ICU/HDU survivors.Conclusions: Our results establish that variables of these kinds have limitations when used as outcome measures in a rapidly-evolving situation.Funding: This work was supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome [215091/Z/18/Z] and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1209135]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

344. Prevalence and Impact of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 Among People Experiencing Homelessness in King County, WA Between September 2020 - May 2021

Background Homeless shelters are high risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. People experiencing homelessness (PEH) have high rates of chronic illness, and have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. The burden of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) in PEH has not been well-studied and PEH may be uniquely affected due to barriers to medical care and the potential exacerbation of existing threats to health, housing, employment, and self-care. Methods The Seattle Flu Study conducted community-based surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in nine homeless shelters from September 1, 2020 and May 31, 2021. Individuals with and without respiratory symptoms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection using a PCR assay. We completed follow-up surveys with shelter residents age ≥18 years at days 5, 10, 30 and 60+ after positive or inconclusive diagnosis with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals were asked about residual symptoms, impact on activities of daily living, access to medical care, and health-related quality of life. Results Of 51 eligible participants, 22 (43%) completed a follow-up survey, with six at day 5 or 10 survey, 11 at day 30, and 18 at day 60+. The median time from enrollment to last follow-up survey was 77 (range 49-138) days. Five (23%) participants reported at least one symptom at day 0, five (83%) at day 5 or 10, eight (73%) at day 30 and seven (39%) at day 60+ (Figure 1). Eight (36%) reported at least one symptom on a day 30 or 60+ follow up survey that interfered or prevented their daily activities. Nine (41%) received medical care at the quarantine facility. Of those with symptoms persisting beyond day 10, four (30%) received medical care outside of a medical provider at the quarantine facility. Prevalence of self-reported symptoms at Day 0 (enrollment), Day 5 or 10, Day 30, and Day 60+ in shelter residents who tested positive or inconclusive for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion PEH reported a high prevalence of persistent COVID-19 symptoms 30+ days after their SARS-CoV-2 detection. Few participants accessed medical care for their persistent illness. The impact of COVID-19 extends beyond acute illness and PASC may exacerbate existing challenges PEH face in health and wellbeing. Disclosures Helen Y. Chu, MD MPH, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Consultant)Cepheid (Research Grant or Support)Ellume (Consultant)Merck (Consultant)Pfizer (Consultant)Sanofi-Pasteur (Research Grant or Support)

Measuring the health of populations

Over the last two decades, the global health landscape has undergone rapid transformation. People around the world are living longer than ever before, and populations are getting older. Many countries have made remarkable progress in preventing child deaths. As a result, disease burden is increasingly defined by disability as opposed to being dominated by premature mortality. The leading causes of death and disability are shifting from communicable diseases in children to non-communicable diseases in adults. These global trends differ across regions and by level of development. Notably, in sub-Saharan Africa, communicable, maternal, and newborn diseases and nutritional deficiencies continue to dominate. While low- and middle-income countries are tackling this ‘unfinished agenda’ of largely poverty-related diseases, increasingly they also need to prepare their health services for a growing burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries. In high-income countries, health budgets are steadily increasing relative to gross domestic product due to ageing of the population, an ever-expanding array of medical technologies, and greater demands of consumers for healthcare services. For governments and other healthcare providers to be able to respond to these challenges, high-quality comparable data on the size and trends in mortality and morbidity are essential. In 2007, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation funded the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010, which endeavoured to rethink methods and assumptions underlying population health measurement while making use of the vastly improved health data and computational resources. This chapter describes the methods underlying the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.

204. Mucosal Cytokine Profiles in Children with COVID-19

Background The mechanisms associated with COVID-19 in children are not well understood. We sought to define the differences in nasopharyngeal (NP) cytokine profiles according to clinical presentation in children with COVID-19. Methods Single-center, prospective study in 137 children and adolescents < 21 years of age hospitalized with COVID-19, and 35 age, sex and race matched pre-pandemic (2016-2019) healthy controls. Children with COVID-19 were categorized according to their clinical presentation in: COVID-19-symptomatic; COVID-19-screening, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). NP swabs were obtained within 24 hours of admission to measure SARS-CoV-2 loads by rt-PCR, and a 92-cytokine panel. Unsupervised and supervised analysis adjusted for multiple comparisons were performed. Results From 3/2020 to 1/2021, we enrolled 76 COVID-19-symptomatic children (3.5 [0.2-15.75] years); 45 COVID-19-screening (11.1 [4.2-16.1] years), and 16 MIS-C (11.2 [5.9-14.6] years). Median NP SARS-CoV-2 loads were higher in COVID-19-symptomatic versus screening and MIS-C (6.8 vs 3.5 vs 2.82 log10 copies/mL; p< 0.001). Statistical group comparisons identified 15 cytokines that consistently differed between groups and were clustered in three functional categories: (1) antiviral/regulatory, (2) pro-inflammatory/chemotactic, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2); (Fig 1). All 15 cytokines were higher in COVID-19-symptomatic versus controls (p< 0.05). Similarly, and except for TNF, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL23, which were comparable in COVID-19-symptomatic and screening patients, the remaining cytokines were higher in symptomatic children (p< 0.05). PDL-1 (p=0.01) and CCL3 (p=0.03) were the only cytokines significantly decreased in children with MIS-C versus symptomatic COVID-19 children. The 15 cytokines identified by multiple comparisons were correlated using Person’s in R software. Red reflects a positive correlation and blue a negative correlation with the intensity of the color indicating the strength of the association. Conclusion Children with symptomatic COVID-19 demonstrated higher viral loads and greater mucosal cytokines concentrations than those identified via screening, whereas in MIS-C concentrations of regulatory cytokines were decreased. Simultaneous evaluation of viral loads and mucosal immune responses using non-invasive sampling could aid with the stratification of children and adolescents with COVID-19 in the clinical setting. Disclosures Octavio Ramilo, MD, Adagio (Consultant)Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant/Research Support)Janssen (Grant/Research Support)Lilly (Consultant)Merck (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)NIH (Grant/Research Support)Pfizer (Consultant)SANOFI (Board Member) Asuncion Mejias, MD, PhD, MsCS, Janssen (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Merck (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Roche (Advisor or Review Panel member)Sanofi (Advisor or Review Panel member).

The seasonality of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundCholera remains a major threat in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where some of the highest case fatality risks are reported. Knowing in what months and where cholera tends to occur across the continent can aid in improving efforts to eliminate cholera as a public health concern; though largely due to lack of unified large-scale datasets, no continent-wide estimates exist. In this study we aim to estimate cholera seasonality across SSA. MethodsWe leverage the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) global cholera database with statistical models to synthesize data across spatial and temporal scale in order to infer the seasonality of excess suspected cholera occurrence in SSA. Cholera excess occurrence was defined based on exceeding previously published estimates of mean monthly cholera incidence estimates in a given administrative unit. We developed a Bayesian statistical model to infer the monthly risk of excess cholera at the first and/or second administrative levels. Seasonality patterns were then grouped into spatial clusters. Finally, we studied the association between seasonality estimates and hydro-climatic variables.FindingsWe find that the majority of studied countries (26/38) have seasonal excess cholera patterns, corresponding to ~85% of the SSA population. Most countries (20/38) also had sub-national differences in seasonality patterns, with strong differences in seasonality strength between regions. Seasonality patterns clustered into two macro-regions (West Africa and the Sahel vs. Eastern and Southern Africa), which were composed of sub-regional clusters with varying degrees of seasonality. Exploratory association analysis found most consistent and positive correlations between cholera seasonality and precipitation, and to a lesser extent with temperature and flooding.InterpretationWidespread cholera seasonality in SSA offers opportunities for intervention planning. Further studies are needed to study the association between cholera and climate. FundingThe NASA Applied Sciences Program and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Financing for Sustainable Structural Transformation

Official development assistance (ODA) and domestic expenditures of developing countries on food and agriculture are often too small, relative to needs or for stimulating private investment. ODA and expenditures are suboptimally allocated mostly to subsidies, with little to public goods, such as agricultural education, research, and extension. Learning and evaluation of impacts need to improve and expand to meet complex challenges facing farmers. The multisectoral nature of agriculture means that agricultural financing must consist of multiple components, with resources that are public, private (household), and private (external to household), coming from six categories: public—domestic and international; private—domestic and international; and household—savings and remittances. Information on “traditional” ODA for agriculture is more available than for “nontraditional” ODA: for example, from emerging countries, including China’s growing involvement in Southern countries, private investments in value chains, land purchases, and private philanthropy. Aside from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), few philanthropists report aid to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development–Development Assistance Committee (OECD–DAC). BMGF’s Aid Transparency Index (ATI) rating improved only from “very poor” (18.1 percent) in 2013 to “fair” (47.3 percent) in 2018. The 2020 ATI reported significant improvement in aid donors’ overall transparency, but less in impact of aid projects. New themes, including nutrition and the environment, pose challenges to estimating sources of resource flows in support of adaptation of agriculture. We show that, even though available aid has increased since 2020, resources are very small relative to needs and the extent of advocacy.