Extinction of American Indian languages before and after contact periods

1965 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
C. F. Voegelin ◽  
F. M. Voegelin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
New York State ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
King Philip's War ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aboriginal Languages

We begin with an unanswerable question: was there more than trivial linguistic extinction before contact periods with Europeans? There is no question about the extinction of many languages after the contact periods. On landing at Plymouth, the Pilgrims, in Paul Radin’s grim view, first fell upon their knees and then upon the necks of the Indians. After King Philip’s War, many of the coastal tribes removed themselves to live with interior Algonquian tribes. There are some Algonquian Indians still living along the New England coast, as at Martha’s Vineyard and Old Town, Maine; but except for a few older Penobscot, all speak English. Some Algonquians found along the middle Atlantic coast withdrew over the Appalachians, and now speak Shawnee and Delaware in Oklahoma. But Iroquois speakers remain in New York State; some have recently settled in Brooklyn, where they specialize in the construction of tall buildings without fear of height; others remain in the Carolinas (Cherokee). And some Muskogean speakers remain in Florida (Seminoles). But most aboriginal languages of the Atlantic coast are extinct, just as most languages of the California coast became extinct, while languages in the valleys and mountains and deserts of California continued to be spoken.

scholarly journals The impact of the 2006 Massachusetts health care reform law on spine surgery patient payer-mix status and age

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W. Villelli ◽  
Hong Yan ◽  
Jian Zou ◽  
Nicholas M. Barbaro
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New York ◽  
Health Care Reform ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Spine Surgery ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
New York State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Care System

OBJECTIVESeveral similarities exist between the Massachusetts health care reform law of 2006 and the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The authors’ prior neurosurgical research showed a decrease in uninsured surgeries without a significant change in surgical volume after the Massachusetts reform. An analysis of the payer-mix status and the age of spine surgery patients, before and after the policy, should provide insight into the future impact of the ACA on spine surgery in the US.METHODSUsing the Massachusetts State Inpatient Database and spine ICD-9-CM procedure codes, the authors obtained demographic information on patients undergoing spine surgery between 2001 and 2012. Payer-mix status was assigned as Medicare, Medicaid, private insurance, uninsured, or other, which included government-funded programs and workers’ compensation. A comparison of the payer-mix status and patient age, both before and after the policy, was performed. The New York State data were used as a control.RESULTSThe authors analyzed 81,821 spine surgeries performed in Massachusetts and 248,757 in New York. After 2008, there was a decrease in uninsured and private insurance spine surgeries, with a subsequent increase in the Medicare and “other” categories for Massachusetts. Medicaid case numbers did not change. This correlated to an increase in surgeries performed in the age group of patients 65–84 years old, with a decrease in surgeries for those 18–44 years old. New York showed an increase in all insurance categories and all adult age groups.CONCLUSIONSAfter the Massachusetts reform, spine surgery decreased in private insurance and uninsured categories, with the majority of these surgeries transitioning to Medicare. Moreover, individuals who were younger than 65 years did not show an increase in spine surgeries, despite having greater access to health insurance. In a health care system that requires insurance, the decrease in private insurance is primarily due to an increasing elderly population. The Massachusetts model continues to show that this type of policy is not causing extreme shifts in the payer mix, and suggests that spine surgery will continue to thrive in the current US health care system.

Survey of Daily Newspaper Personnel Shortages

1943 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-115
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
New York State ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
York State ◽  
Personnel Shortages

This study was made by the NCPEJ with cooperation of the ANPA, NEA, IDPA, New England Publishers Association, Pennsylvania Newspaper Publishers Association and New York State Publishers Association. It was conducted by Kenneth E. Olson, dean, Medill School of Journalism, and secretary of the NCPEJ, and reported by him to the NCPEJ meeting in Chicago January 8, 1943.

scholarly journals Evidence for a late glacial advance near the beginning of the Younger Dryas in western New York State: An event postdating the record for local Laurentide ice sheet recession

Geosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Young ◽  
Lee M. Gordon ◽  
Lewis A. Owen ◽  
Sebastien Huot ◽  
Timothy D. Zerfas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
New York State ◽  
Younger Dryas ◽  
Late Glacial ◽  
Discrete Events ◽  
Upper Great Lakes ◽  
Similar Distance ◽  
Glacial Tills ◽  
Glacial Advance

Widespread evidence of an unrecognized late glacial advance across preexisting moraines in western New York is confirmed by 40 14C ages and six new optically stimulated luminescence analyses between the Genesee Valley and the Cattaraugus Creek basin of eastern Lake Erie. The Late Wisconsin chronology is relatively unconstrained by local dating of moraines between Pennsylvania and Lake Ontario. Few published 14C ages record discrete events, unlike evidence in the upper Great Lakes and New England. The new 14C ages from wood in glacial tills along Buttermilk Creek south of Springville, New York, and reevaluation of numerous 14C ages from miscellaneous investigations in the Genesee Valley document a significant glacial advance into Cattaraugus and Livingston Counties between 13,000 and 13,300 cal yr B.P., near the Greenland Interstadial 1b (GI-1b) cooling leading into the transition from the Bölling-Alleröd to the Younger Dryas. The chronology from four widely distributed sites indicates that a Late Wisconsin advance spread till discontinuously over the surface, without significantly modifying the preexisting glacial topography. A short-lived advance by a partially grounded ice shelf best explains the evidence. The advance, ending 43 km south of Rochester and a similar distance south of Buffalo, overlaps the revised chronology for glacial Lake Iroquois, now considered to extend from ca. 14,800–13,000 cal yr B.P. The spread of the radiocarbon ages is similar to the well-known Two Creeks Forest Bed, which equates the event with the Two Rivers advance in Wisconsin.

Effects of Liming on the Epipelic Algal Community of Woods Lake, New York

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Roberts ◽  
Charles W. Boylen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
New York State ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Algal Community ◽  
Depth Gradient ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Woods Lake ◽  
Depth Zonation ◽  
Zonation Patterns

The biovolume and species composition of algae on the sediment along a depth gradient were determined before and after liming of acidic (pH 4.9), oligotrophic Woods Lake in the Adirondack Park in New York State (Herkimer Co., NY, USA). The epipelic algal community was dominated by diatoms and cyanobacteria prior to and following liming. Distinct depth zonation patterns of community composition were evident and unaffected by CaCO3 addition. Treatment with calcite increased pH from 4.9 to above 9.0, caused ANC to rise from 0 to >400 μeq∙L−1, and immediately reduced overall water clarity which subsequently improved during the summer. There was a significant decrease (p <0.001) in total algal biovolume after liming corresponding to a significant reduction in biovolume of Hapalosiphon pumilus at the deepest sites. Total diatom biovolume was not significantly changed as a result of the addition of calcite; however, a shift in community composition from dominance by Navicula tenuicephala and Fragilaria acidobiontica to dominance by Achnanthes microcephala and Anomoeoneis vitrea was observed following liming.

scholarly journals The short-term effect of residential home energy retrofits on indoor air quality and microbial exposure: A case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0230700
Author(s):  
Mytien Nguyen ◽  
Eric C. Holmes ◽  
Largus T. Angenent
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
New York State ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Indoor Pollutants ◽  
Microbial Exposure ◽  
Before And After

Weatherization of residential homes is a widespread procedure to retrofit older homes to improve the energy efficiency by reducing building leakage. Several studies have evaluated the effect of weatherization on indoor pollutants, such as formaldehyde, radon, and indoor particulates, but few studies have evaluated the effect of weatherization on indoor microbial exposure. Here, we monitored indoor pollutants and bacterial communities during reductions in building leakage for weatherized single-family residential homes in New York State and compared the data to non-weatherized homes. Nine weatherized and eleven non-weatherized single-family homes in Tompkins County, New York were sampled twice: before and after the weatherization procedures for case homes, and at least 3 months apart for control homes that were not weatherized. We found that weatherization efforts led to a significant increase in radon levels, a shift in indoor microbial community, and a warmer and less humid indoor environment. In addition, we found that changes in indoor airborne bacterial load after weatherization were more sensitive to shifts in season, whereas indoor radon levels were more sensitive to ventilation rates.

Public Reactions to the New York State Policy on Flavored E-Cigarettes on Twitter: Observational Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Sun ◽  
Xinyi Lu ◽  
Zidian Xie ◽  
Dongmei Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Twitter Users

BACKGROUND Flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular in recent years, especially among youth and young adults. To address the epidemic of e-cigarettes, New York State approved a ban on sales of most flavored vaping products other than tobacco and menthol flavors on September 17, 2019. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the public responses on social media to the policy on flavored e-cigarettes in New York State. METHODS Twitter posts (tweets) related to e-cigarettes and the New York State policy on flavored e-cigarettes were collected using Twitter streaming API from June 2019 to December 2019. Tweets from New York State, and other states that did not have a flavored e-cigarettes policy were extracted. Sentiment analysis was applied to analyze the proportion of negative and positive tweets about e-cigarettes or the flavor policy. Topic modeling was applied to e-cigarettes related datasets to identify the most frequent topics before and after the announcement of the New York State policy on flavored e-cigarettes. RESULTS Our results showed that average number of tweets related to e-cigarettes and the New York State policy on flavored e-cigarettes increased in both New York State and other states after the NY flavor policy was announced. Sentiment analysis revealed that after the announcement of the New York State flavor policy, in both New York State and other states, the proportion of negative tweets on e-cigarettes increased, from 34.07% to 44.58% and from 32.48% to 44.40% respectively, while positive tweets decreased significantly, from 39.03% to 32.86% and from 42.78% to 33.93% respectively. The majority of tweets about the New York State flavor policy were negative in both New York State (from 88.78% to 83.46%) and other states (from 78.43% to 81.54%) while New York State had a higher proportion of negative tweets than other states. Topic modeling results demonstrated that teenage vaping and health problems were the most discussed topic associated with e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Public attitudes toward e-cigarettes became more negative on Twitter after the New York State announced the policy on flavored e-cigarettes. Twitter users in other states that did not have such a policy on flavored e-cigarettes paid close attention to New York State flavor policy. This study provides some valuable information about the potential impact of the flavored e-cigarettes policy in New York State on public attitudes towards the flavored e-cigarettes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document