The Quartodecimans and the Synoptic Chronology

1940 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Cyril C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Last Supper ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Controversial Literature

There is hardly a point in the whole Quartodeciman question that has not, at one time or another, been vigorously contested. Since the days when the Tübingen school interpreted the struggle to support their separation of the Fourth Gospel from the Johannine Tradition, there has grown up a veritable library of controversial literature on the subject. Perhaps the most judicious statement of the problem in English appeared in Stanton's The Gospels as Historical Documents (Part I, pp. 173–197), which was dependent upon Schürer's De Controversiis Paschalibus (1869). Since that time, however, the question has been re-opened by Schmidt's learned Excursus appended to his text of the Epistola Apostolorum. Dating this work in the 60's of the second century, he claimed that in Chapter 15 there was a reference to the Paschal controversy that confirmed his view. Furthermore, he contended that this section of the Epistola had once for all settled a number of uncertain problems. Chief among these was the significance attached by the Asiatic Church to the 14th of Nisan. Schmidt concluded from the words, “But do ye commemorate my death,” that on this day the Easterners celebrated the Passion. Henceforth it would be impossible to claim that the Quartodeciman rite implied a Christian “Passover” which commemorated the Last Supper and the institution of the Eucharist (pp. 600–601). Indeed, he went so far as to urge that the whole Asiatic practice was centered in the Passion to the exclusion of the Resurrection. Contrasting the Quartodeciman with the Catholic custom he wrote, “Dort Passah, hier Ostern!” (p. 579).

scholarly journals Some Remarks on the Alogi

1890 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
George Park Fisher
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Of late the Alogi (so-called) have been the subject of renewed discussion in Germany. The topic is handled by Dr. A. Harnack in his able and elaborate article on “Monarchianism” in Herzogand Plitt's Encyclopædia (vol. x.), and in his “Dogmengeschichte” (second edition, 1888). It is considered at length in the first half of the first volume of Zahn's “History of the New Testament Canon” (1888). This last publication has called out a polemical review from Harnack, in which the Alogi forms one of the prominent themes. In Zahn's brief pamphlet in reply to Harnack, however, this particular topic is not taken up. The subject, as all are aware, is interesting as a branch of the history of Christology in the second century. It is especially important now for its connection with the debate respecting the authorship of the Fourth Gospel.

Was Martha of Bethany Added to the Fourth Gospel in the Second Century?

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Schrader
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Manuscript Transmission ◽  
The Subject

This study examines the text transmission of the figure of Martha of Bethany throughout the Fourth Gospel in over one hundred of our oldest extant Greek and Vetus Latina witnesses. The starting point for this study is instability around Martha in our most ancient witness of John 11–12, Papyrus 66. By looking at P66’s idiosyncrasies and then comparing them to the Fourth Gospel's greater manuscript transmission, I hope to demonstrate that Martha's presence shows significant textual instability throughout the Lazarus episode, and thus that this Lukan figure may not have been present in a predecessor text form of the Fourth Gospel that circulated in the second century. In order to gain the greatest amount of data on the Fourth Gospel's text transmission, I rely on several sources. Occasionally these sources conflict in their rendering of a variant; I have tried to make note of these discrepancies and look at photographs of witnesses whenever possible. Although this study is primarily focused on Greek and Vetus Latina witnesses, an occasional noteworthy variant (e.g., from a Syriac or Vulgate witness) may be mentioned when relevant to the subject at hand. The work of many established redaction critics, who have already hypothesized that Martha was not present in an earlier form of this Gospel story, will also be addressed.

scholarly journals Merarches in the thematic organization (9th-12th centuries)

2013 ◽  
pp. 215-234
Author(s):  
Milos Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Historical Documents ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Source Materials

The text cites the results of the study of the role of merarches, which were a part of the military organization of the Empire in the early Byzantine period. Later historical documents do not give any notion of this position for more than two centuries. The merarches became a part of the thematic organization in the middle of 9th century. Our ability to fully understand the nature of their function is limited due to the scarcity of source materials; this, however, may be overcome by taking into account, the general and political situation in the Empire, that is, by considering the military reforms executed in the 9th and 10th century. This paper focuses on the problem of the military-administrative competences of the merarches, which have been the subject of different interpretations in the modern, scholarly literature. One of the aims of this research is the definition of the timeframe within which the reestablishment of this rank in the Byzantine army occured.

scholarly journals Analyzing users’ ILL and EDD orders

2016 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Irina Krasilnikova
Keyword(s):  
Subject Area ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
Siberian Branch ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Media Delivery

Findings of the study of ILL and EDD users’ orders in the subject area of history being forwarded through the RAS Siberian Branch are discussed. The orders are classified by types, chronology, media, delivery terms, types of libraries to fulfill the orders, decline reasons. Prospects for acquiring historical documents from digital resources are examined.

scholarly journals Continuidad y cambios en las actividades turísticas de Tijuana, 1920-1949

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (72) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Alfredo Gómez Estrada ◽  
Josefina Elizabeth Villa
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sexual Services ◽  
Siglo Xx

El estudio sistemático del turismo en Baja California en la primera mitad del siglo XX es todavía una tarea por hacer. Este trabajo, basado en análisis documental, es un primer acercamiento al tema, aunque enfocado en Tijuana. La novedad es la utilización de la prensa estadounidense y mexicana como fuente principal, que se complementa con documentos históricos. Se establecen las características generales de las actividades turísticas en la localidad, se describe y se explica la continuidad y los cambios más importantes ocurridos en el turismo entre 1920 y 1949. Se demuestra que los turistas llegaron en masa y que las apuestas y los juegos de azar atrajeron multitudes. También se documentan los cambios relevantes en el perfil del turista estadounidense y la ampliación de la demanda de servicios sexuales en la década de 1940.Continuity and changes in tourism activities in Tijuana, 1920-1949The systematic study of tourism in Baja California in the first half of the 20th century is still a task to be done. This paper, based on documentary analysis, is a first approach to the subject, although focused on Tijuana. What is the new is the use of the American and Mexican press as the main source, along with historical documents. General characteristics of tourism activities in the locality are established, and continuity and the most important changes taking place in tourism between 1920 and 1949 are described and explained. It was proven that tourists arrived en masse, and betting and gambling attracted crowds. Also, relevant changes in the American tourists profile and the increase in the demand for sexual services in the 1940s are documented.

In the Fourth Gospel the Last Supper Was the Paschal Meal

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Charles C. Torrey
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
Last Supper

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Lena Cowen Orlin
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Textual Practices ◽  
Parallel Lives ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Natal Family

To introduce both the subject of the book and its methodological approach, the Introduction takes up the case study of the date of Shakespeare’s baptism: 26 April 1564. Those who want to believe that the national poet was born on the national feast day (23 April, or St George’s Day), have compiled ‘evidence’ to prove it, but under close analysis the evidence disintegrates. We know his day of baptism but cannot know his birthday. Much of Shakespeare’s biography has been built out of similar ‘evidence clusters’. The book interrogates many of these old clusters and also assembles new ones. This involves close reading familiar historical documents contextually, referring to other examples from the same record classes to show how their conventions and textual practices shape their meaning. A further strategy is to include mini-biographies for some of Shakespeare’s cognates in Stratford-upon-Avon, the stories of parallel lives through which we can learn more about his own. The chapter also introduces the members of Shakespeare’s natal family.

Apology as Dialogue and Appeal

2020 ◽  
pp. 241-266
Author(s):  
D. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Actual Role ◽  
The Subject

This chapter presents a reading of the Octavius, which is cast as a transcription of an earlier dialogue that purportedly took place in Ostia between three lawyers and friends: Marcus Minucius Felix, Caecilius Natalis, and Octavius Januaris. The text is set in a dialogical format that is clearly meant to recall the philosophical dialogues of Cicero, though it is less of a dialogue as it is actually composed of two speeches: one by Caecilius, defending the pagan position; and one by Octavius the Christian. Minucius functions as the arbitrator between the two others, though his actual role is the narrator of the exchange. The three lawyers are on holiday in Ostia, chatting as they walk along the shoreline, when the subject turns to religion; their conversation becomes a debate presenting both sides of the pagan-vs.-Christian arguments as commonly portrayed at the end of the second century. The chapter also considers the work of Thracius Caecilianus Cyprianus, bishop of Carthage.

scholarly journals The metaphor of light embedded in the Johannine prologue, Part 2: The Light at and after the incarnation

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk G. Van der Merwe ◽  
Pierre Y. Albalaa
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Fourth Gospel ◽  
The Subject

This is the second of two articles on how the fourth evangelist has embedded the light metaphor in the prologue of the Fourth Gospel. The prologue is replete with this metaphor. A thorough discourse analysis explores the text’s inner texture to determine the rhetoric and network of semantic relations – regarding light as the subject. From here the text’s sacred texture is investigated. Various theological themes are interwoven into the text, with light being a consistent, embedded metaphor, embracing a wealth of facets and interpretations. This research focuses on the embedded light metaphor in the Johannine prologue as it relates to the Word’s performance during and after the incarnation.Hierdie is die tweede van twee artikels om aan te toon hoe die vierde evangelis die lig-metafoor in die proloog van die Vierde Evangelie ingebed het. Die proloog is deurdrenk met hierdie metafoor. Deur middel van ’n behoorlike diskoersanalise is die diepte-struktuur van die teks ondersoek om die retoriek en netwerk van semantiese verhoudings vanaf die perspektief van lig as onderwerp te bepaal. Hierna is die teologiese struktuur van die teks ondersoek. Verskeie teologiese temas is in die teks verweef, met ‘lig’ as ’n konstante verankerde metafoor wat ’n rykdom van fasette en interpretasie insluit. Hierdie navorsing fokus op die ingebedheid van die lig-metafoor in die Johannese proloog soos wat dit verband hou met die funksionering van die Woord tydens en na die inkarnasie.

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