The Münster Rising, Memories of Violence, and Perceptions of Dissent in Restoration England

This article examines the ways in which the violent Anabaptist rising at Münster in 1533–5 was reinterpreted in Restoration England. Historians have often recognized that the incident was used to attack English Baptists in the seventeenth century, but there has been little systematic exploration of the processes behind this. This article suggests that recollections of Münster in later seventeenth-century England were a species of ‘cosmopolitan memory’ – an internationally shared memory of trauma put to distinctive local uses. References to Münster served as ways for English writers to tie nonconformists to specific acts of religious violence in England, including the Civil Wars and Thomas Venner's 1661 rising in London, without directly recalling these events. Historical discussions of the Münster rising therefore often directly transformed German Anabaptists into Quakers or Fifth Monarchists. Condemnations of the violence in the German city were also used by Congregationalists and Presbyterians to differentiate themselves from Baptists and Quakers and to emphasize their orthodoxy. Some Baptist writers responded by disclaiming their links to continental Anabaptists, while others moved to question the established historiography around the Münster rising. This article demonstrates these points through a range of sources, including sermons, letters, commentaries, controversial literature, and almanacs.

“It Was . . . the Word ‘Scrotum’ on the First Page”: Educators’ Perspectives of Controversial Literature

Preemptive censorship occurs when educators avoid particular books because they dislike the ideas or values the books contain or fear the controversy the books may evoke. Although not as blatant as other forms of censorship, preemptive censorship has the unfortunate consequence of restricting children’s access to ideas and information. Moreover, preemptive censorship violates students’ intellectual freedom and right to read. In this study, we employ critical discourse analysis to examine discussions by preservice teachers and school librarians as they responded to a controversial children’s book. Our analysis of the discussions revealed that many preservice educators maintain a protective view of children, fear the negative reactions of parents, and would choose to engage in preemptive censorship rather than create controversy in their classrooms and schools. We conclude by recommending ways that teacher educators can support preservice teachers and school librarians in their efforts to promote the professional value of intellectual freedom.

Gyermekvállalás és szüléskimenetel sclerosis multiplexben a nemzetközi irodalom tükrében

In the last few years more studies indicated that although sclerosis multiplex frequently manifests in young adulthood, it should not be considered as contraindication for pregnancy in women affected with the disease. In fact, despite controversial literature data, pregnancy appears to be a protective factor to the disease without a harmful effect on the fetus. However, the use of immunomodulatory therapy during pregnancy needs a careful evaluation process and experts of this field may contribute to family happiness of the affected mother. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(34), 1360–1365.

Officers or engineers? The integration and status of engineers in the Royal Navy, 1847–60*

This article, using engineers' diaries and Admiralty papers, discusses the status and integration of engineers into the Navy from 1847–60. With the birth of the steam fleet, they were recruited in large numbers as officers, to operate and maintain the engines. Their position as officers and engineers, nascent executive and technical, proved controversial. Literature on the introduction of steam has neglected the social dimension and coverage of naval engineers has not emphasized their challenge to the established ethos of the officer corps. This article seeks to remedy this by examining engineers' work and relationships with both officers and the Admiralty.

Scholasticism and New Philology: Giles of Viterbo, O. E. S. A. (1469–1532), On Divine Generation

From the earliest Christian centuries, the doctrine of divine generation brought forth an abundant and controversial literature. From the Father-Son terminology in the Old and New Testaments, to the Gospel of John's repeated naming of Christ as, unigenitus a patre, only begotten of the Father, to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed's proclamation of “God from God, Light from Light, True God from True God, begotten not made, of one essence with the Father,” to the Council of Chalcedon's proclamation that the divine Son was “begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead,” the articulation was vast and prolific. Further, the formula that emerged victorious and enduring in late antiquity still challenged and urged later theologians to write treatises on the doctrine for centuries to come. That the Father is presented as uniquely the Father of the Son, and the Son uniquely the Son of the Father is a dogmatic formula based on revelation, but how God begets God without either making himself or another God was a question formulated to approach theologically the complexities of the divine Trinity, particularly the relation among the three distinct divine persons in one divine nature.

Biological Antagonism and Epileptic Psychosis

SummaryThe controversial literature about the biological antagonism between schizophrenia and epilepsy involves at least two areas of clinical interest. Firstly, it is frequently stated that convulsive treatment was introduced into psychiatry for the management of psychosis because of this antagonism, and secondly, it has a bearing on the topics of ‘alternative psychosis' and ‘forced normalisation’, as reported in the epilepsy literature. In addition to these, the subject is of theoretical interest in its relationship to other biological antagonisms that may be found in nature, but closer examination of the literature suggests that some of the discussions and controversies surrounding this problem are based on assumptions that may be incorrect. One possible reason for this may be the fact that much of the original work was written in German, and we propose therefore to give a brief account of the origins of the theories, as derived from their original sources.