Semantic relations in text and translation Die semantischen Relationen im Text und Übersetzung

Based on the German language department’s theoretical and practical aspects as well as educational programs, the present study discusses the semantic relations in text sentences and their role in the science of translation. Through clarifying the semantic relationship between the text sentence and the methods used to express a news item, a situation or an occurrence and through the statement of the multiple theoretical semantic structures of the text’s construction and interrelation, a translator can easily translate a text into the target language. It is known that language learners face multiple difficulties in writing and creating an integrated, coherent and intelligible text, and the reason for this is their lack of knowledge of semantic relations. Deutsch In dieser Forschungsarbeit gehen die folgenden theoretischen Ausführungen im Zusammenhang mit bestimmten didaktischen Bemerkungen, die im Laufe des Lehrprozesses aufgetreten sind, der Frage der semantischen Relationen in Satzperspektiven nach. Berücksichtigt wurde dabei überdies das Lehrprogramm in der irakischen Germanistikabteilung. Daher besteht das Hauptpostulat dieser wissenschaftlichen Abhandlung in dem Versuch, dieses sprachliche Phänomen im Übersetzen und dessen vielseitige Varianten darzulegen sowie dessen Anwendbarkeit in den Verhandlungen, im praktischen Leben und im Umgang mit den ausländischen Firmen etc. zu klären.

Exploiting Semantic Term Relations in Text Summarization

The traditional frequency based approach to creating multi-document extractive summary ranks sentences based on scores computed by summing up TF*IDF weights of words contained in the sentences. In this approach, TF or term frequency is calculated based on how frequently a term (word) occurs in the input and TF calculated in this way does not take into account the semantic relations among terms. In this paper, we propose methods that exploits semantic term relations for improving sentence ranking and redundancy removal steps of a summarization system. Our proposed summarization system has been tested on DUC 2003 and DUC 2004 benchmark multi-document summarization datasets. The experimental results reveal that performance of our multi-document text summarizer is significantly improved when the distributional term similarity measure is used for finding semantic term relations. Our multi-document text summarizer also outperforms some well known summarization baselines to which it is compared.

Hybrid Query Expansion Model Based on Pseudo Relevance Feedback and Semantic Tree for Arabic IR

In this paper, the authors propose and readapt a new concept-based approach of query expansion in the context of Arabic information retrieval. The purpose is to represent the query by a set of weighted concepts in order to identify better the user's information need. Firstly, concepts are extracted from the initially retrieved documents by the Pseudo-Relevance Feedback method, and then they are integrated into a semantic weighted tree in order to detect more information contained in the related concepts connected by semantic relations to the primary concepts. The authors use the “Arabic WordNet” as a resource to extract, disambiguate concepts and build the semantic tree. Experimental results demonstrate that measure of MAP (Mean Average Precision) is about 10% of improvement using the open source Lucene as IR System on a collection formed from the Arabic BBC news.

Rząd, porządek i ład jako leksemy wpisane w dawne pojęcie porządek społeczny

Artykuł poświęcony jest występowaniu głównych eksponentów pojęcia porządek społeczny w tekstach doby staro- i średniopolskiej – leksemów rząd – najstarszego, porządek – najczęstszego i ład – późnego i rzadkiego. Przedmiotem analizy są ich rzeczownikowe kolokacje, które wskazują na relacje semantyczne z innymi wyrazami. Analiza taka pozwala na odkrycie powiązań między pojęciami, do których się odnoszą, ale nie wystarcza do precyzyjnego określenia ich charakteru. Wskazuje na silną współzależność dawnego porządku społecznego i prawa, nadrzędność w stosunku do kilku pojęć ze sfery stosunków społecznych, jak zgoda i pokój, relację zbliżoną do wynikania względem pojęć utylitarnych, jak bogactwo i zapobiegliwość i niejednoznaczny związek z pojęciami wolność i sprawiedliwość. Miejsce porządku społecznego w kręgu pojęć społecznych ustaliło się w czasach renesansu i do końca doby średniopolskiej pozostawało stałe, a samo pojęcie łączyło się wówczas z pozytywnym ładunkiem aksjologicznym. Rząd, porządek and ład as Polish lexemes inscribed in the old concept of social order Summary: The article is devoted to the occurrence of the main exponents of the concept of porządek społeczny [social order] in Old and Middle Polish texts, i.e. the lexemes: rząd – the earliest one, porządek – the most frequent one, and ład – the most recent and rare. The analysis explores the nominal collocations of these items, which indicate semantic relations with other words. The analysis enables us to discover the links between the concepts to which they refer, but it is not sufficient to establish their nature in an accurate manner. There is an indication of 1) a strong interdependence of the early social order and law, 2) of the superiority in reference to a number of concepts which represent the sphere of social relationships, such as zgoda [harmony] and pokój [peace], 3) of a relationship that is akin to resulting in respect to utilitarian concepts, such as bogactwo [opulence] and zapobiegliwość [foresight], and 4) of the ambiguous relationship with the concepts of wolność [freedom] and sprawiedliwość [justice]. The place of social order in the sphere of social concepts was established during the Renaissance and remained stable until the end of the Middle Polish period, whereas the concept itself was associated at that time with a positive axiological charge.

LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONS OF RAJA PARHATA UTTERANCES IN SAUR MATUA CEREMONY

This study aimed to identify the types of logico-semantic relations and the use of logico-semantic relations of Raja Parhata in the Saur Matua ceremony. This study was conducted by applying the descriptive qualitative method by Flick (2009). The source of data was Raja Parhata in the Saur Matua ceremony. The result of this research was types of logico-semantic relations can be found in Raja Parhata are paratactic elaboration (44,28%), paratactic enhancement (21,42%), hypotactic elaboration (7,14%), paratactic extension (11,42%), hypotactic enhancement (12,85%), hypotactic extension (2,85%). Moreover, the realization of logico-semantic relations in Raja Parhata’s utterances mostly appears by using conjunction jadi (so), molo (if), and holani (that all), adverbial clause dungi (after that), verb baen (play), and preposition tu (to).

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF CONCESSIVE RELATIONS IN THE ТATAR LANGUAGE

In modern linguistics there is a growing scientific interest in the semantic analysis of linguistic phenomena. The increased interest is explained by the fact that it is the study of semantic relations between syntactic units that allows us to reveal the communicative essence of the language. In this regard the study of the structural and semantic features of constructions expressing the relations of concession, which are the most complex among other types of conditionality relations, seems relevant and timely. The purpose of this article is to analyze the concessive relations from the formal and substantive side on the material of the Tatar language. The research was carried out using the conceptual apparatus of modern theories of language categories, as well as ideas about the role and functions of concessive relations both in the system organization of language itself and in contextual discourse. The material for the study was drawn from Tatar fiction and colloquial speech. In the course of the work, the method of linguistic description was used as the main research method. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that concessive relations are built on the opposition of two situations, formed on the basis of conditional, causal, and adversarial values.

New Verbal Lexemes of the Word-Formative Family with a Base “Corona” in the German Vocabulary of the Pandemic Period: Structural and Semantic Analysis

The article considers the structural and semantic peculiarities of German colloquial verbs, which belong to the word formation family with the base “Corona”. The article analyzes the lexemes formed during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from October 2019 to May 2021. In the course of the study new verbs not listed in the lexicographical sources have been found. The majority of these verbal lexemes are occasional: they are identified by small frequencies and only function within the framework of certain types of text in the Internet discourse (blogs, Twitter, social networks). The author specifies the meaning of some verbs entered in the lexicographical base of the Leibniz-Institute for German Language (OWID.de). The author describes both the formal and the lexical-semantic structures of verbal lexemes, considers their word-forming and lexical-semantic relations that combine the motivating noun “corona” and derived words. The study characterizes the models of building the colloquial verbal lexemes, which are currently productive and highly active in the context of the German “coronavirus discourse”. The study proves that the German vocabulary expanded at the time of Covid-19 pandemic through the suffixal word-forming models and the formation of verbs with prepositional and adverbial particles. The study shows that the models of the formation of verbal units with prepositional and adverbial components are particularly active, while the prefixal models are not active in the formation of verbs with the component “Corona”. The author analyzes examples of the use of the lexemes in context, which are presented in the text corpus of the Google search system, determines the frequency of the verbal units. The article clearly shows the differences in the meaning and functioning of verbal lexemes. The article notes some peculiarities of their lexical compatibility.

The Semantic Map of Aktionart and Troponymy of Old English Strong Verbs

The aim of this article is to analyse the semantic relations that hold between Old English primitive and derived verbs in terms of troponymy and Aktionsart. The results of this analysis are presented in a semantic map, while emphasis is made on the points of contact between these phenomena. The main conclusion is that semantic maps represent a more flexible and applicable methodology than previous work suggests since they have been used to deal with one language, to explain historical languages and to refer to specific lexical items. Likewise, this analysis shows evidence of an inherent relationship between both phenomena: troponymy and Aktionsart.