The Complement Fixation Reaction in Schistosoma japonicum with Cercarial Antigen prepared from Oncomelania hupensis

1. The preparation of a cercarial antigen from infected livers of Oncomelania hupensis the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in China is described.2. The sera of 49 human beings and five dogs have been investigated for the Schistosome complement fixation reaction, using as antigens Bilharzial cercarial antigen, and an alcoholic extract of the livers of Oncomelania hupensis infected with cercariae of S. japonicum.3. Thirty-seven of the 49 sera examined were from cases of Schistosomiasis, and of these 24 gave a positive complement fixation reaction, and 2 others a weak reaction.4. Of the five dogs examined three were infected with Schistosoma japonicum. These gave positive reactions.5. In 24 cases both antigens were used, and the results obtained were almost identical.6. The Bilharzial antigen was used in 33 cases including 25 cases of Schistosomiasis, of which 19 gave a positive reaction.7. In 40 cases the Oncomelania antigen was used. This series included 32 cases of Schistosomiasis of which 23 gave a positive reaction and 3 a weak positive reaction.8. Negative results were obtained with 50 strongly positive Wasserman sera, and with 2 cases of infection with Fasciolopsis buski, and two cases of Clonorchis sinensis. Ascaris and hookworm infestations also gave negative results.

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The Bilharzia Complement Fixation Reaction in Goats infected with Schistosoma mattheei and Schistosoma bovis

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00001863 ◽

1933 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 181-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N. Hamilton Fairley

Keyword(s):

Complement Fixation ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Schistosoma Bovis ◽

Fixation Reaction ◽

Positive Results

1. The sera of 18 goats were investigated for the bilharzia complement fixation reaction, using as antigen alcoholic extract of the livers of snails (Planorbis exustus) infected with cercariae of S. spindale.2. The sera of 5 out of 7 goats harbouring S. mattheei, and of 4 out of 4 goats exposed to alimentary infection with S. bovis yielded positive results, the range of complement fixation varying from 5 to 20 M.H.D.'s.3. The sera of non-infected goats and of 3 goats exposed to infection with cercariae of S. mansoni from which these animals appear naturally immune, yielded negative reactions.4. The complement fixation reaction with cercarial antigen (S. spindale) has now been applied to infestation with 3 human and 4 cattle schistosomes, and its group applicability to mammalian schistosomiasis may be regarded as proven.

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THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION AS APPLIED TO LEPROSY

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.38.2.219 ◽

1923 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 219-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul A. Lewis ◽

Joseph D. Aronson

Keyword(s):

Blood Serum ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Diagnostic Significance ◽

Antibody Absorption ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Fixation Reaction ◽

Fast Group

By means of a method differing in important details from those of previous investigators it has been determined that the blood serum of cases of leprosy exhibits the ability to fix complement with a wide variety of antigens including to a greater or less extent those derived from any culture of the acid-fast group of bacteria available to us. This property of multiple fixation may sufficiently characterize the disease to be of diagnostic significance, although our experience is hardly sufficient to enable us to speak with complete assurance on this point. Certainly, control sera from normal individuals, from cases of tuberculosis, or from cases of syphilis as obtained in our locality have entirely failed to react with certain antigens, whereas serum from cases of leprosy have so reacted to the extent of over 93 per cent. The most characteristic fixation given by the leprosy sera is that with Bacillus lepræ (Clegg) used as antigen, either in the form of a bacterial emulsion or of an alcoholic extract of the dried culture. Antibody absorption may be demonstrated in the acid-fast group if the absorbing bacteria are removed by filtration. Otherwise the resulting fluid is strongly anticomplementary. Leper serum is not deprived of the complement-fixing body when so treated with either Bacillus tuberculosis or Bacillus lepræ (Clegg).

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Serological diagnosis of gonorrhea

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj80570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 1237-1238

Author(s):

A. Dmitriev

Keyword(s):

Clinical Research ◽

Research Methods ◽

Positive Reaction ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Serological Diagnosis ◽

Fixation Reaction ◽

Difficult Cases

Alf. Cohn (Derm. Ztschr. Bd. 55, H. 2) gives detailed instructions for the preparation of a specific antigen, patient serum, and also describes in detail the technique of the Bordet-Gengou reaction itself. The author received as a result of his observations with acute gonorrhea in men 40% pos. responses, for chronic 60% and for complicated 80-100%. The results are especially demonstrative in gonorrhoid arthritis (100%). It is important to use the reaction in doubtful cases, when microscopic and bacteriological examinations do not give the necessary answer for making a diagnosis. If people who do not have gonorrhea are vaccinated, the reaction may be positive. If a positive reaction persists for months or years, you need to look for a focus with gonococci. According to the author, the complement fixation reaction cannot replace the previously tested diagnostic methods, but it complements them. Together with bacteriological and clinical research methods, the reaction sometimes helps to understand the diagnosis of difficult cases.

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THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.64.2.201 ◽

1936 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 201-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kenneth Goodner ◽

Frank L. Horsfall

Keyword(s):

Capsular Polysaccharide ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Selective Adsorption ◽

Horse Serum ◽

Rabbit Serum ◽

Negative Results ◽

Fixation Reaction ◽

Immune Aggregates ◽

Positive Results ◽

Immune Rabbit

1. Complement is not fixed by immune aggregates resulting from the interaction of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide and type-specific immune horse serum, although under proper conditions the substitution of immune rabbit serum gives positive results. 2. The negative results with immune horse serum are due to some poorly understood property of the specific antibodies rather than to some heterologous inhibitor present in the serum. 3. It has been shown that with immune rabbit serum-polysaccharide combinations, complement fixation is an adsorptive phenomenon conditioned upon the surface exposure of the immune aggregates. 4. A close parallelism to the selective adsorption of phosphatides by these immune aggregates has been pointed out. 5. In those instances in which complement is fixed this phenomenon must be regarded as tertiary and conditioned by (a) union of antigen and antibody, and (b) particulation. 6. The general significance of complement fixation as applied to bacterial polysaccharides has been discussed.

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A NON-SPECIFIC COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION DUE TO ION ANTAGONISM

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr32-108 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 585-595

Author(s):

A. Hambleton

Keyword(s):

Positive Reaction ◽

Calcium Ions ◽

Complement Fixation Test ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Tubercle Bacillus ◽

Antagonistic Effects ◽

Ion Antagonism ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Fixation Reaction

The complement fixation test for tuberculosis gives a non-specific or falsely positive reaction if a balanced physiological saline, akin to Tyrode's solution, replaces the plain saline used in the test. The balanced saline must contain both calcium and magnesium in appropriate concentration. The non-specific reaction is given most strongly by Petroff's whole bacillus antigen, and not at all by "fat-free" tubercle bacillus antigens. The main features of the reaction, and its relation to antagonistic effects of sodium and calcium ions, are indicated.

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COMPLEMENT FIXATION IN HUMAN MALARIA WITH AN ANTIGEN PREPARED FROM THE MONKEY PARASITE PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.69.3.379 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 379-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Monroe D. Eaton ◽

L. T. Coggeshall

Keyword(s):

Complement Fixation ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Red Cells ◽

Human Beings ◽

Freezing And Thawing ◽

Malaria Therapy ◽

Normal Monkey ◽

Human Sera ◽

Fixation Reaction

In the studies of complement fixation described in this paper, the antigens were prepared from (a) normal monkey red cells, (b) parasitized red cells of monkeys dying with Plasmodium knowlesi infection, (c) the spleens of monkeys dying with Plasmodium knowlesi infection; the sera came from (a) normal human beings, (b) patients with syphilis, (c) patients with paresis who were receiving malaria therapy with Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, or Plasmodium falciparum, and (d) patients with malaria alone. The malarial antigens gave negative complement fixation reactions with 70 to 80 per cent of the luetic and normal sera and weak or doubtful reactions with the remaining 20 to 30 per cent. With the exception of one antigen prepared from spleen, there was no evidence that the malarial antigens were more reactive with Wassermann-positive than with Wassermann-negative sera. Some human sera give weak complement fixation with antigens prepared from normal monkey erythrocytes, and the percentage of these positive reactions is slightly higher with malarial sera than with normal or luetic sera. The most sensitive and specific malarial antigen was prepared from dried parasitized red cells by extraction with saline, freezing, and thawing. This P. knowlesi antigen gives strong complement fixation with malarial sera from human beings infected with P. knowlesi, P. vivax, or P. falciparum. The titer of complement-fixing antibodies reaches a maximum about 1 month after the beginning of the acute infection. At this time all of the P. knowlesi sera tested were positive. After 4 months the reaction diminishes rapidly in titer but may remain positive for 12 months or longer. With P. knowlesi infections in man, the complement fixation reaction remains positive for some time after the infection has apparently disappeared as judged by daily smears and inoculation of monkeys with the blood. The complement fixation reaction in malaria is group-specific rather than species-specific. Sera from patients infected with P. vivax or P. falciparum react in the same way with the P. knowlesi antigen as the homologous sera. Absorption of malarial human sera with normal monkey erythrocytes does not remove the immune bodies which fix complement with malarial antigens.

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