Effect of enlarged adenoids on arterial blood gases in children

1991 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 436-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Khalifa ◽  
Reda H. Kamel ◽  
Mona Abu Zikry ◽  
Tarek M. Kandil
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Resistance To Respiration

AbstractThe enlarged adenoid is a common disorder in children resulting in nasopharyngeal obstruction. Many authors suggest that increased nasal resistance to respiration may cause disturbances in the pulmonary ventilation and carry the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea and/or cardiopulmonary syndrome.This study comprised 30 children complaining of long-standing nasal obstruction due to enlarged adenoids. Adenoidectomy was performed and the arterial blood gases were measured before and one month after surgery. Twelve normal children were also included as controls. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that O2 saturation and arterial O2 tension (PaO2) were significantly low before the operation, and increased significantly after surgery. Arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) was insignificantly low before operation, but decreased significantly after adenoidectomy. It was concluded that enlarged adenoid may be associated with ventilatory impairment which is reversible after adenoidectomy.

Successful Treatment of Experimental Neonatal Respiratory Failure Using Extracorporeal Membrane Lung Assist

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fumagalli ◽  
T. Kolobow ◽  
P. Arosio ◽  
V. Chen ◽  
D.K. Buckhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Membrane Lung ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Long Term Survivors

A total of 44 preterm fetal lambs at great risk of developing respiratory failure were delivered by Cesarean section, and were then managed on conventional mechanical pulmonary ventilation. Fifteen animals initially fared well, and 14 of these were long term survivors. Twenty-nine other lambs showed a progressive deterioration in arterial blood gases within 30 minutes of delivery, of which 10 lambs were continued on mechanical pulmonary ventilation (20% survival), while the remaining 19 lambs were placed on an extracorporeal membrane lung respiratory assist (79% survival). Extracorporeal membrane lung bypass rapidly corrected arterial blood gas values, and permitted the use of high levels of CPAP instead of the continuation of mechanical pulmonary ventilation at high peak airway pressures. Improvement in lung function was gradual, and predictable. Early institution of extracorporeal respiratory assist using a membrane artificial lung rapidly corrected arterial blood gas values and significantly improved on neonate survival.

Using the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea to teach cardiopulmonary integration

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Levitzky
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Upper Airway Obstruction ◽  
Systemic Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder of upper airway obstruction during sleep. The effects of intermittent upper airway obstruction include alveolar hypoventilation, altered arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and stimulation of the arterial chemoreceptors, which leads to frequent arousals. These arousals disturb sleep architecture and cause hypersomnolence. Chronic intermittent alveolar and systemic arterial hypoxia-hypercapnia can cause pulmonary and systemic hypertension, with effects on the right and left ventricles, and even the renal system. The pathophysiology of OSA can therefore be used to review and integrate many topics in pulmonary and cardiovascular physiology in the context of problem-based learning, a guided discussion, or a formal lecture. The discussion begins with a case scenario, followed by a definition of the disorder, the common symptoms and signs of OSA, and a description of an apneic event. These are related to the physiology of the upper airway in OSA, normal alterations in the respiratory system during sleep, the effects of apnea on gas exchange and arterial blood gases, and the cardiovascular consequences of alterations in alveolar and systemic arterial Po2 and Pco2. The treatment of OSA, particularly how the use of continuous positive airway pressure relates to the pathophysiology of the disorder, is discussed briefly.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Robba ◽  
Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba ◽  
Andras Sikter ◽  
Denise Battaglini ◽  
Wojciech Dąbrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Clinical Consequences

AbstractPost cardiac arrest syndrome is associated with high morbidity and mortality, which is related not only to a poor neurological outcome but also to respiratory and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The control of gas exchange, and in particular oxygenation and carbon dioxide levels, is fundamental in mechanically ventilated patients after resuscitation, as arterial blood gases derangement might have important effects on the cerebral blood flow and systemic physiology.In particular, the pathophysiological role of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels is strongly underestimated, as its alterations quickly affect also the changes of intracellular pH, and consequently influence metabolic energy and oxygen demand. Hypo/hypercapnia, as well as mechanical ventilation during and after resuscitation, can affect CO2 levels and trigger a dangerous pathophysiological vicious circle related to the relationship between pH, cellular demand, and catecholamine levels. The developing hypocapnia can nullify the beneficial effects of the hypothermia. The aim of this review was to describe the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of arterial blood gases and pH after cardiac arrest.According to our findings, the optimal ventilator strategies in post cardiac arrest patients are not fully understood, and oxygen and carbon dioxide targets should take in consideration a complex pattern of pathophysiological factors. Further studies are warranted to define the optimal settings of mechanical ventilation in patients after cardiac arrest.

Arterial Blood Gases in Pranayama Practice

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pratap ◽  
W. H. Berrettini ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Yogic Breathing ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Calming Effect

Pranayama is a Yogic breathing practice which is known experientially to produce a profound calming effect on the mind. In an experiment designed to determine whether the mental effects of this practice were accompanied by changes in the arterial blood gases, arterial blood was drawn from 10 trained individuals prior to and immediately after Pranayama practice. No significant changes in arterial blood gases were noted after Pranayama. A neural mechanism for the mental effects of this practice is proposed.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in anesthetized weanling rather than adult rats prolongs the apneic responses to right atrial injection of capsaicin

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2201-2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhong Peng ◽  
Jianguo Zhuang ◽  
Kevin S. Harrod ◽  
Fadi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Intranasal Inoculation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Apnea is a common complication in infants infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A recent study has shown that intranasal inoculation of RSV in conscious weanling rats strengthens the apneic responses to right atrial injection of capsaicin (CAP), leading to 66% mortality. The objectives of the present study were to determine 1) whether RSV infection changes baseline minute ventilation (V̇e) and arterial blood gases in anesthetized rats; 2) what the effects of RSV infection are on the respiratory responses to CAP; and 3) whether the RSV-strengthened apneic responses are age dependent. Our experiments were conducted in anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats divided into four groups of weanling and adult rats that received either intranasal inoculation of RSV or virus-free medium. Two days after RSV infection (0.7 ml/kg), animal blood gases, baseline V̇e, and V̇e responses to right atrial injection of three doses of CAP (4, 16, and 64 μg/kg) were measured and compared among the four groups. Our results showed that RSV infection increased respiratory frequency (∼25%, P < 0.05) in weanling but not adult rats, with little effect on arterial blood gases. RSV infection amplified the apneic responses to CAP in weanling but not adult rats, characterized by increases in the initial (40%) and the longest apneic duration (650%), the number of apneic episodes (139%), and the total duration of apneas (60%). These amplifications led to 50% mortality ( P < 0.05). We conclude that RSV infection increases respiratory frequency and strengthens the apneic responses to CAP only in anesthetized weanling but not adult rats.

Fetal cardiac bypass alters regional blood flows, arterial blood gases, and hemodynamics in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. H919-H928 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Bradley ◽  
F. L. Hanley ◽  
B. W. Duncan ◽  
R. W. Jennings ◽  
J. A. Jester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cardiac Bypass ◽  
Regional Blood Flows ◽  
Placental Blood ◽  
Fetal Organs ◽  
Placental Blood Flow

Successful fetal cardiac bypass might allow prenatal correction of some congenital heart defects. However, previous studies have shown that fetal cardiac bypass may result in impaired fetal gas exchange after bypass. To investigate the etiology of this impairment, we determined whether fetal cardiac bypass causes a redistribution of fetal regional blood flows and, if so, whether a vasodilator (sodium nitroprusside) can prevent this redistribution. We also determined the effects of fetal cardiac bypass with and without nitroprusside on fetal arterial blood gases and hemodynamics. Eighteen fetal sheep were studied in utero under general anesthesia. Seven fetuses underwent bypass without nitroprusside, six underwent bypass with nitroprusside, and five were no-bypass controls. Blood flows were determined using radionuclide-labeled microspheres. After bypass without nitroprusside, placental blood flow decreased by 25–60%, whereas cardiac output increased by 15–25%. Flow to all other fetal organs increased or remained unchanged. Decreased placental blood flow after bypass was accompanied by a fall in PO2 and a rise in PCO2. Nitroprusside improved placental blood flow, cardiac output, and arterial blood gases after bypass. Thus fetal cardiac bypass causes a redistribution of regional blood flow away from the placenta and toward the other fetal organs. Nitroprusside partially prevents this redistribution. Methods of improving placental blood flow in the postbypass period may prove critical to the success of fetal cardiac bypass.

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