metabolic energy
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2022 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 110881
Author(s):  
Wallace de Paula Bernado ◽  
Danilo Força Baroni ◽  
Katherine Fraga Ruas ◽  
Anne Reis Santos ◽  
Sávio Bastos de Souza ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Luczak ◽  
Yoshimasa Kubo

Being able to correctly predict the future and to adjust own actions accordingly can offer a great survival advantage. In fact, this could be the main reason why brains evolved. Consciousness, the most mysterious feature of brain activity, also seems to be related to predicting the future and detecting surprise: a mismatch between actual and predicted situation. Similarly at a single neuron level, predicting future activity and adapting synaptic inputs accordingly was shown to be the best strategy to maximize the metabolic energy for a neuron. Following on these ideas, here we examined if surprise minimization by single neurons could be a basis for consciousness. First, we showed in simulations that as a neural network learns a new task, then the surprise within neurons (defined as the difference between actual and expected activity) changes similarly to the consciousness of skills in humans. Moreover, implementing adaptation of neuronal activity to minimize surprise at fast time scales (tens of milliseconds) resulted in improved network performance. This improvement is likely because adapting activity based on the internal predictive model allows each neuron to make a more “educated” response to stimuli. Based on those results, we propose that the neuronal predictive adaptation to minimize surprise could be a basic building block of conscious processing. Such adaptation allows neurons to exchange information about own predictions and thus to build more complex predictive models. To be precise, we provide an equation to quantify consciousness as the amount of surprise minus the size of the adaptation error. Since neuronal adaptation can be studied experimentally, this can allow testing directly our hypothesis. Specifically, we postulate that any substance affecting neuronal adaptation will also affect consciousness. Interestingly, our predictive adaptation hypothesis is consistent with multiple ideas presented previously in diverse theories of consciousness, such as global workspace theory, integrated information, attention schema theory, and predictive processing framework. In summary, we present a theoretical, computational, and experimental support for the hypothesis that neuronal adaptation is a possible biological mechanism of conscious processing, and we discuss how this could provide a step toward a unified theory of consciousness.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kaufmann ◽  
Martin Ziegler ◽  
Jana Werner ◽  
Christine Noe ◽  
Richard Latzel ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Artistic gymnastics is a popular Olympic discipline where female athletes compete in four and male athletes in six events with floor exercise having the longest competition duration in Women’s and Men’s artistic gymnastics (WAG, MAG). To date no valid information on the energetics of floor gymnastics is available although this may be important for specific conditioning programming. This study evaluated the metabolic profile of a simulated floor competition in sub-elite gymnasts. Methods 17 (9 male, 8 female) sub-elite gymnasts aged 22.5 ± 2.6y took part in a floor-training-competition where oxygen uptake was measured during and until 15 min post-exercise. Additionally, resting and peak blood lactate concentration after exercise were obtained. The PCr-LA-O2 method was used to calculate the metabolic energy and the relative aerobic (WAER), anaerobic alactic (WPCr) and anaerobic lactic (WBLC) energy contribution. Further, the athletes completed a 30 s Bosco-jumping test, a countermovement jump and a drop jump. Results The competition scores were 9.2 (CI:8.9–9.3) in WAG and 10.6 (CI:10.4–10.9) in MAG. The metabolic profile of the floor routine was mainly aerobic (58.9%, CI: 56.0–61.8%) followed by the anaerobic alactic (24.2%, CI: 21.3–27.1%) and anaerobic lactic shares (16.9%, CI:14.9–18.8%). While sex had a significant (p = .010, d = 1.207) large effect on energy contribution, this was not the case for competition duration (p = .728, d = 0.061). Relative energy contribution of WAG and MAG differed in WAER (64.0 ± 4.7% vs. 54.4 ± 6.8%, p = .004, d = 1.739) but not in WPCr (21.3 ± 6.1% vs. 26.7 ± 8.0%, p = .144, d = 0.801) and WBLC (14.7 ± 5.4% vs. 18.9 ± 4.2%, p = .085, d = 0.954). Further no correlation between any energy share and performance was found but between WPCr and training experience (r = .680, p = .044) and WBLC and competition level (r = .668, p = .049). Conclusion The results show a predominant aerobic energy contribution and a considerable anaerobic contribution with no significant difference between anaerobic shares. Consequently, gymnastic specific aerobic training should not be neglected, while a different aerobic share in WAG and MAG strengthens sex-specific conditioning. All in all, the specific metabolic share must secure adequate energy provision, while relative proportions of the two anaerobic pathways seem to depend on training and competition history.


2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Alfiana Fitri Istiqomah ◽  
Rifky Ismail ◽  
Deni Fajar Fitriyana ◽  
Sulistyo Sulistyo ◽  
Akmal Putra Fardinansyah ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT. Disability issue has increased in recent years due to the high number of accidents and vascular disease. Loss of limb function for people with amputations often results in an abnormal gait. Energy Storage And Return (ESAR) foot prostheses provide an alternative to help improve gait and minimize metabolic energy expenditure during the walking phase of amputees. This study used 3 designs with models from the Catia V5 Software. The finite element method analysis used Ansys Workbench 18.1 software to evaluate the three designs with a loading of 1.2 times the user's body weight with a maximum weight of 70 kg in normal walking activities. The simulated material is carbon fiber prepreg which has tensile strength, Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, and density of 513.72 MPa, 77.71 GPa, 0.14, and 1.37 g/cm3. The decision-making matrix method is used to determine the best foot prosthesis design according to predetermined criteria. The highest value in the decision-making matrix is 76 in Design 3. The chosen design (Design 3) after gait cycle analysis has a maximum von Mises stress value of 76.956 MPa and the safety factor value for each gait cycle heel strike loading model is 1.0762; foot flat 3.2509; toe-off 6.6263.


2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Ade Reza Ismawan ◽  
Rifky Ismail ◽  
Tony Prahasto ◽  
Mochammad Ariyanto ◽  
Budi Setiyana

Transtibial and transfemoral amputations are the most common amputations in the world, loss of lower extremity result in impaired function extremities and also body balance. A prosthesis is a medical device designed to replace a specific body part to restore function to a body part lost due to an accident or disease. Most doctors strongly recommend the use of a prosthesis so that patients can return to normal activities after undergoing an amputation. Besides functioning to support beauty, the use of prostheses is also to restore the quality of life of prosthetic users, the issue of metabolic energy consumption when walking is also very important in designing transtibial bionic prosthesis because it involves the comfort of the user transtibial prosthesis. Most of the existing transtibial prosthesis products in Indonesia are conventional passive transtibial foot products, and passive prosthesis users show a limp or asymmetrical gait pattern so that conventional passive prosthesis users experience discomfort when walking in the form of pain in the amputated leg and normal foot, which can cause secondary musculoskeletal injuries such as joint disorders. Passive prostheses cannot generate propulsive force during push-off phase (terminal stance and preswing) of the human gait cycle. The use of passive prostheses can also consume 20-30% more metabolic energy while walking so that it can cause fatigue for the user. Transtibial bionic prosthesis research is growing, transtibial bionic prosthesis can overcome the weakness of passive prosthesis because it can produce push-off during gait cycle and several researchers have shown that bionic prostheses are capable of mimicking the human gait, as well as improve the  performance in a more natural gait and normal walking. This study aims to study the existing transtibial bionic prosthesis by comparing between 6 existing designs of powered ankle or transtibial bionic prosthesis that have been published in several publications. The discussion focuses on the design and mechanical systems, actuators related to the selection of motors and drive mechanisms as well as power transmission from actuators to moving components.


2022 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Deckmyn ◽  
Dorothée Domenger ◽  
Chloé Blondel ◽  
Sarah Ducastel ◽  
Emilie Nicolas ◽  
...  

The nuclear bile acid (BA) receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a major regulator of metabolic/energy homeostasis in peripheral organs. Indeed, enterohepatic-expressed FXR controls metabolic processes (BA, glucose and lipid metabolism, fat mass, body weight). The central nervous system (CNS) regulates energy homeostasis in close interaction with peripheral organs. While FXR has been reported to be expressed in the brain, its function has not been studied so far. We studied the role of FXR in brain control of energy homeostasis by treating wild-type and FXR-deficient mice by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection with the reference FXR agonist GW4064. Here we show that pharmacological activation of brain FXR modifies energy homeostasis by affecting brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Brain FXR activation decreases the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and consequently the sympathetic tone. FXR activation acts by inhibiting hypothalamic PKA-CREB induction of TH expression. These findings identify a function of brain FXR in the control of energy homeostasis and shed new light on the complex control of energy homeostasis by BA through FXR.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahbaz M. Khan ◽  
Xuejin Zhang ◽  
William H. Witola

Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent protozoan parasite that causes a diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. Thus far, the moderately effective nitazoxanide is the only drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent humans. However, no effective drug exists for the severe disease seen in young children, immunocompromised individuals and neonatal livestock. C. parvum lacks the Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation steps, making it dependent solely on glycolysis for metabolic energy production. Within its glycolytic pathway, C. parvum possesses two unique enzymes, the bacterial-type lactate dehydrogenase (CpLDH) and the plant-like pyruvate kinase (CpPyK), that catalyze two sequential steps for generation of essential metabolic energy. We have previously reported that inhibitors of CpLDH are effective against C. parvum, both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we developed an in vitro assay for the enzymatic activity of recombinant CpPyK protein and used it to screen a chemical compound library for inhibitors of CpPyK’s activity. The identified inhibitors were tested (at non-toxic concentrations) for efficacy against C. parvum using in vitro assays, and an in vivo mouse infection model. We identified six CpPyK inhibitors that blocked in vitro growth and proliferation of C. parvum at low micromolar concentrations (EC50 values ranging from 10.29 to 86.01 μM) that were non-toxic to host cells. Among those six compounds, two (NSC252172 and NSC234945) were found to be highly efficacious against cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, with very significant reduction in parasite load and amelioration of intestinal pathologies. Together, these findings have unveiled inhibitors for an essential molecular target in C. parvum and demonstrated their efficacy against the parasite in vitro and in vivo. These inhibitors are, therefore, potential lead-compounds for developing efficacious treatments for cryptosporidiosis.


Author(s):  
V. G. Dvalivishvili ◽  
◽  
A. S. Khodov ◽  

The purpose of the research was a comparative study of the efficiency of feed use and the productivity of young sheep at different feeding levels, as well as clarifying the norms of metabolic energy and raw protein for growing young rams of Romanov breed with intensive rearing and fattening at the age of 3 to 10 months. Scientifi c and economic experiment has been carried out in the sheep breeding complex of the breeding farm in the OOO Farm “Pokrov” in the Zubtsovsky area in the Tver region. After weaning of sheep at the age of 3 months, 2 groups of young rams and 2 groups of young ewes have been formed, from twin litters per 15 heads in each. It has been found that the intensity of the growth of young rams was higher at both levels of rearing and fattening. The young rams of the 1st control group grew by 16,61 kg during the experimental feeding period, and the young ewes by 9,62 kg. In animals of the 2nd experimental group, the difference was 5,52 kg or 32,8 % in favor of the young rams. All indicators of the slaughter of young rams, depending on the level of feeding diff ered significantly. Thus, the difference in removable weight was 5,77 kg or 17,7 % in favor of animals of the 2nd experimental group. The difference between the groups by pre-slaughter weight was 5,74 kg or 19,2 % (P ≤ 0,001). By weight of the hot carcass, the sheep of the 2nd experimental group significantly exceeded the 1st control group by 2,82 kg or 21,3 % (P ≤ 0,01), by slaughter weight the difference was 3,97 kg or 29,0 % (P ≤ 0,01). The slaughter yield increased from 45,7 to 49,5 % or 3,8 abs.%. Age affects the efficiency of mutton production. Thus, the cost of 1 kg of mutton did not diff er from 7-month-old and 10–month-old rams, and feed expenditures increased significantly, therefore the prime-cost of mutton in older animals also increased, and the profitability of production decreased. Therefore, the slaughter of animals and the sale of mutton under intensive rearing is more effective at the age of 7 months.


2022 ◽  
Vol 335 ◽  
pp. 00036
Author(s):  
Nining Haryuni ◽  
Hartutik Hartutik ◽  
Eko Widodo ◽  
Sri Wahjuningsih

Production performance in Joper broodstock can be improved through increased feed energy and vitamin E-selenium supplementation. This study used 400 laying hens Isa Brown aged 35 weeks and 15 Sentul rooster aged 68 weeks. This study used a factorial completely randomized design with 2 factors, namely metabolic energy levels (2,700 and 2,800 kcal/kg) and vitamin E-selenium supplementation doses (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) where each treatment used 10 laying hens and repeated 4 times. The dose of selenium is 0.001 ppm/mg vitamin E. The energy level has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on (feed, protein and energy) intake and HDP. The dose level of vitamin E- selenium in feed had a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on HDP and significant (P < 0.05) on (feed, protein and energy) intake and FCR. The interaction between the two has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on HDP. The average feed intake 113-115 g/day, protein intake 21.90-22.20 g/day and energy intake 308-317 kcal/bird. HDP 76.70-83.00%. The conclusion of this study is that feed with metabolic energy of 2800kcal/kg and vitamin E-selenium supplementation at a dose of 100 ppm can improve the productivity of Joper broodstock.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Zhezmer

The results of the agro-energy assessment of the creation and long-term haymaking use (for 27 years) of different-ripening cereal grasses are presented. The total costs of anthropogenic energy were recouped by the collection of metabolic energy by 2,8–3,3 times. In the structure of metabolic energy production, renewable natural factors accounted for 64–70%.


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