Cynthia Dwork and Yoram Moses. Knowledge and common knowledge in a Byzantine environment I: crash failures. Theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge, Proceedings of the 1986 conference, edited by Joseph Y. Halpern, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos1986, pp. 149–169.

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 666-666
Author(s):  
William J. Rapaport
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Crash Failures ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge

scholarly journals Completeness by Modal Definitions. Application to the Epistemic Logic With Hypotheses

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (65) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Levan Uridia ◽  
Dirk Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Conditional Logic ◽  
Modal Operator ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Topological Structures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge

We investigate the variant of epistemic logic S5 for reasoning about knowledge under hypotheses. The logic is equipped with a modal operator of necessity that can be parameterized with a hypothesis representing background assumptions. The modal operator can be described as relative necessity and the resulting logic turns out to be a variant of Chellas’ Conditional Logic. We present an axiomatization of the logic and its extension with the common knowledge operator and distributed knowledge operator. We show that the logics are decidable, complete w.r.t. Kripke as well as topological structures. The topological completeness results are obtained by utilizing the Alexandroff connection between preorders and Alexandroff spaces.

scholarly journals Common Knowledge

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Geanakoplos
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Infinite Chain ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge ◽  
The Way

An event is common knowledge among a group of agents if each one knows it, if each one knows that the others know it, if each one knows that each one knows that the others know it, and so on. Thus, common knowledge is the limit of a potentially infinite chain of reasoning about knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to survey some of the implications for economic behavior of the hypotheses that events are common knowledge, that actions are common knowledge, that optimization is common knowledge, and that rationality is common knowledge. It will begin with several puzzles that illustrate the strength of the common knowledge hypothesis. It will then study how common knowledge can illuminate many problems in economics. In general, the discussion will show that a talent for interactive thinking is advantageous, but if everyone can think interactively and deeply all the way to common knowledge, then sometimes puzzling consequences may result.

scholarly journals Common Knowledge in an Epistemic Logic with Hypotheses

10.29007/43wj ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levan Uridia ◽  
Dirk Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Extension ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge

We extend epistemic logic S5r for reasoning about knowledge under hypotheses with distributive knowledge operator. This extension gives possibility to express distributive knowledge of agents with different background assumptions. The logic is important in com- puter science since it models agents behavior which already have some equipped knowledge. Extension with distributive knowledge shows to be extremely interesting since knowledge of an arbitrary agent whose epistemic capacity corresponds to any system between S4 and S5 under some restrictions can be modeled as distributive knowledge of agents with cer- tain background knowledge. We present an axiomatization of the logic and prove Kripke completeness and decidability results.

scholarly journals Common Knowledge in Epistemic Logic With Hypotheses

10.29007/glrl ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levan Uridia ◽  
Dirk Walther
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Modal Operator ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reasoning About Knowledge

We recall the epistemic logic S5r for reasoning about knowledge under hypotheses and we investigate the extension of the logic with an operator for common knowledge. The logic S5r is equipped with a modal operator of necessity that can be parameterized with hypotheses representing background assumptions while the extension with the common knowledge operator enables us to describe and reason about common knowledge among agents with possibly different background assumptions. We present an axiomatization of the logic and prove Kripke completeness and decidability results.

Knowledge and Common Knowledge in a Byzantine Environment I: Crash Failures.

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
William J. Rapaport ◽  
Cynthia Dwork ◽  
Yoram Moses
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Crash Failures

Ultrastructural features of prognostic significance in human oral cancer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
Karvita B. Ahluwalia ◽  
Nidhi Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Biological Behaviour

It is common knowledge that apparently similar tumors often show different responses to therapy. This experience has generated the idea that histologically similar tumors could have biologically distinct behaviour. The development of effective therapy therefore, has the explicit challenge of understanding biological behaviour of a tumor. The question is which parameters in a tumor could relate to its biological behaviour ? It is now recognised that the development of malignancy requires an alteration in the program of terminal differentiation in addition to aberrant growth control. In this study therefore, ultrastructural markers that relate to defective terminal differentiation and possibly invasive potential of cells have been identified in human oral leukoplakias, erythroleukoplakias and squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue.

Children's and Adults' Common Knowledge, Riddle Responses and Pollution Solutions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen A. Swanson ◽  
Joshua Ebert ◽  
Lacey Seefeldt
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge

Josiah Hale, M.D., Louisiana botanist, Rafinesque's pupil

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH EWAN
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge

"They pass", writes Professor Samuel Wood Geiser, "these naturalists of the frontier, across the stage of history — some of them men of brain and heart and honor, others men of whom we cannot speak with admiration. They are not all to be gauged by the same standards: their environments, diverse and not always favorable, helped to make them all. But they were one in their devotion to the advancement of our common knowledge."

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