‘Hyper-priming’ in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MORITZ ◽  
K. MERSMANN ◽  
M. KLOSS ◽  
D. JACOBSEN ◽  
U. WILKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Formal Thought Disorder ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Positive Thought

Background. A number of studies have suggested that indirect semantic priming is enhanced in thought-disordered schizophrenics. However, research on direct semantic priming has produced conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to resolve some of the ambiguities of previous findings.Methods. For the present study, 44 schizophrenic patients were split according to the presence of associative loosening into a positive thought-disordered (TD) and non-positive thought-disordered (NTD) group. Thirty healthy subjects and 36 psychiatric patients served as controls.Results. Schizophrenics displayed increased indirect semantic priming compared with psychiatric controls. When subtyping the sample, TD-patients exhibited significantly enhanced indirect semantic priming compared with healthy and psychiatric controls as well as NTD-patients. Overall slowing was found to be independent of priming effects. Medication, age and chronicity of the schizophrenic illness did not modulate priming.Conclusions. In line with Spitzer and Maher it is inferred that disinhibited semantic networks underlie formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. For future research, it would be appropriate to: employ indirect semantic priming rather than direct semantic priming conditions; and, pay more attention to potential moderators of the priming effect, most importantly, the prime display duration and the length of the stimulus onset asynchrony.

scholarly journals Semantic Priming Effects in a Lexical Decision Task: Comparing third Graders and College Students in two Different Stimulus Onset Asynchronies

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Steffen Holderbaum ◽  
Jerusa Fumagalli de Salles
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Differences in the semantic priming effect comparing child and adult performance have been found by some studies. However, these differences are not well established, mostly because of the variety of methods used by researchers around the world. One of the main issues concerns the absence of semantic priming effects on children at stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) smaller than 300ms. The aim of this study was to compare the semantic priming effect between third graders and college students at two different SOAs: 250ms and 500ms. Participants performed lexical decisions to targets which were preceded by semantic related or unrelated primes. Semantic priming effects were found at both SOAs in the third graders' group and in college students. Despite the fact that there was no difference between groups in the magnitude of semantic priming effects when SOA was 250ms, at the 500ms SOA their magnitude was bigger in children, corroborating previous studies. Hypotheses which could explain the presence of semantic priming effects in children's performance when SOA was 250ms are discussed, as well as hypotheses for the larger magnitude of semantic priming effects in children when SOA was 500ms.

Combining the Post-Cue Task and the Perceptual Identification Task to Assess Parallel Activation and Mutual Facilitation of Related Primes and Targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian Scherer ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Activation ◽  
Prime Target

Abstract. Recent theories assume a mutual facilitation in case of semantic overlap for concepts being activated simultaneously. We provide evidence for this claim using a semantic priming paradigm. To test for mutual facilitation of related concepts, a perceptual identification task was employed, presenting prime-target pairs briefly and masked, with an SOA of 0 ms (i.e., prime and target were presented concurrently, one above the other). Participants were instructed to identify the target. In Experiment 1, a cue defining the target was presented at stimulus onset, whereas in Experiment 2 the cue was not presented before the offset of stimuli. Accordingly, in Experiment 2, a post-cue task was merged with the perceptual identification task. We obtained significant semantic priming effects in both experiments. This result is compatible with the view that two concepts can both be activated in parallel and can mutually facilitate each other if they are related.

Sequential Stereotype Priming: A Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara K. Kidder ◽  
Katherine R. White ◽  
Michelle R. Hinojos ◽  
Mayra Sandoval ◽  
Stephen L. Crites
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Stereotype Priming ◽  
Explicit Measures

Psychological interest in stereotype measurement has spanned nearly a century, with researchers adopting implicit measures in the 1980s to complement explicit measures. One of the most frequently used implicit measures of stereotypes is the sequential priming paradigm. The current meta-analysis examines stereotype priming, focusing specifically on this paradigm. To contribute to ongoing discussions regarding methodological rigor in social psychology, one primary goal was to identify methodological moderators of the stereotype priming effect—whether priming is due to a relation between the prime and target stimuli, the prime and target response, participant task, stereotype dimension, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and stimuli type. Data from 39 studies yielded 87 individual effect sizes from 5,497 participants. Analyses revealed that stereotype priming is significantly moderated by the presence of prime–response relations, participant task, stereotype dimension, target stimulus type, SOA, and prime repetition. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on stereotype priming.

Priming Effect in a Color Discrimination Task

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Marangolo ◽  
Enrico Di Pace ◽  
Luigi Pizzamiglio
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Condition ◽  
Automatic Coding ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Prime Target

Two experiments were run to test whether the automatic coding of colors generates priming effects. Subjects were tachistoscopically presented a series of prime-target sequences. The prime stimulus could be either a red, green, or black circular dot, followed by a red or green annular ring (target). The role of automatic and conscious mechanisms was investigated in Exp. 1 by manipulating the predictive validity of the prime stimuli (80%, 50%, 20%), keeping constant the value of stimulus-onset asynchrony (350 msec.). Analysis showed priming effects even in the low predictive condition, where no conscious expectations could be activated. In Exp. 2, three different values of stimulus-onset asynchrony were used, 150, 350, and 2100 msec. Priming effects were obtained in the short and medium stimulus-onset asynchrony condition but not in the long one. Over-all, the data of both experiments produce converging evidence which indicates that the automatic elaboration of colored stimuli may produce priming effects.

The Recalibration Effect of Time Perception Using a Virtual Environment

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Ae Cha ◽  
Sung-Bin Hong ◽  
Sung-Ho Woo ◽  
Hyun Taek Kim
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Display Device ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Brain

It has been demonstrated that recalibrations of audio-visual asynchrony are likely to occur in sensory processing rather than in the higher domains of cognition in the brain. The aim of the present study was to investigate recalibration of time perception to judge auditory and visual input simultaneity using a virtual environment (VE). A virtual corridor built for this experiment has depth of field, and includes six light sources (light-emitting diodes, LEDs) affixed on a computer monitor, which appear to be situated at different distances. Subjects in the VE were presented with both the flashes of LEDs and associated bursts of white noise with random stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). Even though the auditory and visual stimuli were presented from the same distance on the display device, the subjects showed different time recalibration effects (TREs) depending on subjects' tendencies of immersion in VE. The results suggest that the differences in the TREs can be explained by subject-specific tendencies such as absorption to stimuli, which can construct subjective reality in top-down processing. Future research on neural substrates of recalibration for simultaneity will contribute toward understanding of how the brain creates the representation of spatiotemporal coherence.

Consistency measures individuate dissociating semantic modulations in priming paradigms: A new look on semantics in the processing of (complex) words

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1546-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Amenta ◽  
Davide Crepaldi ◽  
Marco Marelli
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Consistency Measure ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Impact

In human language the mapping between form and meaning is arbitrary, as there is no direct connection between words and the objects that they represent. However, within a given language, it is possible to recognise systematic associations that support productivity and comprehension. In this work, we focus on the consistency between orthographic forms and meaning, and we investigate how the cognitive system may exploit it to process words. We take morphology as our case study, since it arguably represents one of the most notable examples of systematicity in form–meaning mapping. In a series of three experiments, we investigate the impact of form–meaning mapping in word processing by testing new consistency metrics as predictors of priming magnitude in primed lexical decision. In Experiment 1, we re-analyse data from five masked morphological priming studies and show that orthography–semantics–consistency explains independent variance in priming magnitude, suggesting that word semantics is accessed already at early stages of word processing and that crucially semantic access is constrained by word orthography. In Experiments 2 and 3, we investigate whether this pattern is replicated when looking at semantic priming. In Experiment 2, we show that orthography–semantics–consistency is not a viable predictor of priming magnitude with longer stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). However, in Experiment 3, we develop a new semantic consistency measure based on the semantic density of target neighbourhoods. This measure is shown to significantly predict independent variance in semantic priming effect. Overall, our results indicate that consistency measures provide crucial information for the understanding of word processing. Specifically, the dissociation between measures and priming paradigms shows that different priming conditions are associated with the activation of different semantic cohorts.

scholarly journals Face (and Nose) Priming for Book

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Coane ◽  
David A. Balota
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Library Book ◽  
Contextual Associations ◽  
Relatedness Proportion ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Feature Overlap

There are two general classes of models of semantic structure that support semantic priming effects. Feature-overlap models of semantic priming assume that shared features between primes and targets are critical (e.g., cat-DOG). Associative accounts assume that contextual co-occurrence is critical and that the system is organized along associations independent of featural overlap (e.g., leash-DOG). If unrelated concepts can become related as a result of contextual co-occurrence, this would be more supportive of associative accounts and provide insight into the nature of the network underlying “semantic” priming effects. Naturally co-occurring recent associations (e.g., face-BOOK) were tested under conditions that minimize strategic influences (i.e., short stimulus onset asynchrony and low relatedness proportion) in a semantic priming paradigm. Priming for new associations did not differ from the priming found for pre-existing relations (e.g., library-BOOK). Mediated priming (e.g., nose-BOOK) was also found. These results suggest that contextual associations can result in the reorganization of the network that subserves “semantic” priming effects.

Increased automatic spreading activation in healthy subjects with elevated scores in a scale assessing schizophrenic language disturbances

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MORITZ ◽  
B. ANDRESEN ◽  
F. DOMIN ◽  
T. MARTIN ◽  
E. PROBSTHEIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Spreading Activation ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Risk Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire

Background. Previous studies on semantic priming have suggested that schizophrenic patients with language disturbances demonstrate enhanced semantic and indirect semantic priming effects relative to controls. However, the interpretation of semantic priming studies in schizophrenic patients is obscured by methological problems and several artefacts (such as length of illness). We, therefore, used a psychometric high-risk approach to test whether healthy subjects reporting language disturbances resembling those of schizophrenics (as measured by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire subscale ‘language’) display increased priming effects. In addition, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire was used to cover symptoms of schizotypal personality. Enhanced priming was expected to occur under conditions favouring automatic processes.Methods. One hundred and sixty healthy subjects performed a lexical decision semantic priming task containing two different stimulus onset asynchronicities (200 ms and 700 ms) with two experimental conditions (semantic priming and indirect semantic priming) each.Results. Analyses of variance revealed that the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire-‘language’ high scorers significantly differed from low scorers in three of the four priming conditions indicating increased automatic spreading activation. No significant results were obtained for the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire total and subscales scores.Conclusions. In line with Maher and Spitzer it is suggested that increased automatic spreading activation underlies schizophrenia-typical language disturbances which in our study cannot be attributed to confounding variables such as different reaction time baselines, medication or length of illness. Finally, results confirm that the psychometric high-risk approach is an important tool for investigating issues relevant to schizophrenia.

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