contextual associations
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa M Aminoff ◽  
Shira Baror ◽  
Eric W Roginek ◽  
Daniel D Leeds

Contextual associations facilitate object recognition in human vision. However, the role of context in artificial vision remains elusive as does the characteristics that humans use to define context. We investigated whether contextually related objects (bicycle-helmet) are represented more similarly in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) used for image understanding than unrelated objects (bicycle-fork). Stimuli were of objects against a white background and consisted of a diverse set of contexts (N=73). CNN representations of contextually related objects were more similar to one another than to unrelated objects across all CNN layers. Critically, the similarity found in CNNs correlated with human behavior across three experiments assessing contextual relatedness, emerging significant only in the later layers. The results demonstrate that context is inherently represented in CNNs as a result of object recognition training, and that the representation in the later layers of the network tap into the contextual regularities that predict human behavior.


2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110648
Author(s):  
Hanane Ramzaoui ◽  
Sylvane Faure ◽  
Sara Spotorno

Visual search is a crucial, everyday activity that declines with aging. Here, referring to the environmental support account, we hypothesized that semantic contextual associations between the target and the neighboring objects (e.g., a teacup near a tea bag and a spoon), acting as external cues, may counteract this decline. Moreover, when searching for a target, viewers may encode information about the co-present distractor objects, by simply looking at them. In everyday life, where viewers often search for several targets within the same environment, such distractor objects may often become targets of future searches. Thus, we examined whether incidentally fixating a target during previous trials, when it was a distractor, may also modulate the impact of aging on search performance. We used everyday object arrays on tables in a real room, where healthy young and older adults had to search sequentially for multiple objects across different trials within the same array. We showed that search was quicker: (1) in young than older adults, (2) for targets surrounded by semantically associated objects than unassociated objects, but only in older adults, and (3) for incidentally fixated targets than for targets that were not fixated when they were distractors, with no differences between young and older adults. These results suggest that older viewers use both environmental support based on object semantic associations and object information incidentally encoded to enhance efficiency of real-world search, even in relatively simple environments. This reduces, but does not eliminate, search decline related to aging.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2045
Author(s):  
Eric Roginek ◽  
Shira Baror ◽  
Daniel Leeds ◽  
Elissa Aminoff

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142098440
Author(s):  
Moshe Bar

The involvement of top-down processes in perception and cognition is widely acknowledged by now. In fields of research from predictions to inhibition, and from attentional guidance to affect, a great deal has already been charted. Integrating this newer understanding with accumulated findings from the past has made it clear that human experience is determined by a combination of both bottom-up and top-down processes. It has been proposed that the ongoing balance between their relative contribution affects a person’s entire state of mind, an overarching framework that encompasses the breadth of mental activity. According to this proposal, state of mind, in which multiple facets of mind are clumped together functionally and dynamically, orients us to the optimal state for the given circumstances. These ideas are examined here by connecting a broad array of domains in which the balance between top-down and bottom-up processes is apparent. These domains range from object recognition to contextual associations, from pattern of thought to tolerance for uncertainty, and from the default-mode network to mood. From this synthesis emerge numerous hypotheses, implications, and directions for future research in cognitive psychology, psychiatry, and neuroscience.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Fumie Okada ◽  
Takehiko Kaneko ◽  
Satoshi Toyokawa ◽  
Tadashi Furuhata

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been directed towards the issue of health inequalities associated with Japan’s widening income gap. Focusing on the housebound elderly, we assessed the contextual associations of the interregional income gap with body mass index (BMI). METHOD: A total of 15,200 housebound elderly living in 46 of the country’s 47 prefectures, except for Tokyo, were interviewed face-to-face using a questionnaire that covered age, gender, height, weight, medical history, utilization of nursing care, family, source of income, food consumption, and physical activity. To determine the relationship between BMI and the above-mentioned items, a linear regression analysis was performed. In the multilevel analysis, we assumed a prefecture-level random intercept on the basis of the data on the average income per capita in the 46 prefectures. RESULTS: Valid responses without missing data were obtained from 10,226 respondents (response rate: 67.3%) and used for the analyses; females accounted for 78.5% (n=8,027) of the sample. In the multilevel analysis, prefectural average income showed a significant contextual negative association with BMI in females (-0.846; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Prefectural average income has a significant negative contextual association with individual-level BMI for females; females with a low rate of going out have lower BMI; and females living with children have higher BMI. Social environment may be correlated with BMI in the older population.


2019 ◽  
pp. 182-222
Author(s):  
Caitlín Eilís Barrett

Within the general framework outlined by chapter 2, different domestic contexts might structure viewers’ encounters with Nilotic imagery in quite different ways. Chapter 4 explores this variability by examining another case study: the Casa del Medico. As at the Casa dell’Efebo, this house constructs close contextual associations between Nilotic frescoes, garden space, watery settings, and dining. Here, however, the framing and content of the imagery suggest different meanings. Among other things, this assemblage places much more emphasis on the “grotesque” potential of pygmy scenes. Although scholars often take the violent imagery of the Casa del Medico frescoes as paradigmatic for all Nilotic scenes, a close analysis points instead to the thematic multivalence of domestic Nilotica. Additionally, since the Casa del Medico is smaller and less luxurious than the Casa dell’Efebo, these two case studies enable us to compare the uses of Nilotic imagery at different points along the socioeconomic spectrum.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Schween ◽  
Lisa Langsdorf ◽  
Jordan A Taylor ◽  
Mathias Hegele

AbstractHumans can operate a variety of modern tools, which are often associated with different visuomotor transformations. Studies investigating this ability have repeatedly found that the simultaneous acquisition of different transformations appears inextricably tied to distinct states associated with movement, such as different postures or action plans, whereas abstract contextual associations can be leveraged by explicit aiming strategies. It still remains unclear how different transformations are remembered implicitly when target postures are similar. We investigated if features of planning to manipulate a visual tool, such as its visual identity or the intended effect enable implicit learning of opposing visuomotor rotations. Both cues only affected implicit aftereffects indirectly through generalization around explicit strategies. In contrast, practicing transformations with different hands resulted in separate aftereffects. It appears that different (intended) body states are necessary to separate aftereffects, supporting the idea that underlying implicit adaptation is limited to the recalibration of a body model.


Author(s):  
Jolita Horbačauskienė ◽  
Ramunė Kasperavičienė

Effective translation of figures of speech in persuasive texts is crucial but complicated. Different cultural worldviews may sometimes cause misunderstandings due to vagueness in language, which otherwise may be comprehended through context or contextual associations. This study will address the following research questions: which figures of speech are the most common in advertising discourse; which translation techniques and procedures are used to render the various figures of speech in small and large sized target countries; is there a relation between country size, as measured by population, and the adaptation level of international marketing campaigns to the intended audience. The authors of the study hypothesise that international advertising campaigns are adapted through translation to a lesser degree in small sized target countries and vice versa, in large sized countries. The findings of the current study show that most probably there are other factors affecting the choice of translation techniques in audiovisual advertisements.


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