scholarly journals Face (and Nose) Priming for Book

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Coane ◽  
David A. Balota
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
New Associations ◽  
Library Book ◽  
Contextual Associations ◽  
Relatedness Proportion ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Feature Overlap

There are two general classes of models of semantic structure that support semantic priming effects. Feature-overlap models of semantic priming assume that shared features between primes and targets are critical (e.g., cat-DOG). Associative accounts assume that contextual co-occurrence is critical and that the system is organized along associations independent of featural overlap (e.g., leash-DOG). If unrelated concepts can become related as a result of contextual co-occurrence, this would be more supportive of associative accounts and provide insight into the nature of the network underlying “semantic” priming effects. Naturally co-occurring recent associations (e.g., face-BOOK) were tested under conditions that minimize strategic influences (i.e., short stimulus onset asynchrony and low relatedness proportion) in a semantic priming paradigm. Priming for new associations did not differ from the priming found for pre-existing relations (e.g., library-BOOK). Mediated priming (e.g., nose-BOOK) was also found. These results suggest that contextual associations can result in the reorganization of the network that subserves “semantic” priming effects.

scholarly journals Development of Memory Structures for Homographs Using Pathfinder Network Representations

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Nievas ◽  
Fernando Justicia
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Memory Structure ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Pathfinder Network ◽  
Memory Structures

Some studies with children have shown that there is no semantic priming at short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) in lexical decision and naming tasks for homographs. The predictions of spreading activation theories might explain this missing effect. There may be differences in children's and adults' memory structures. We have explored this hypothesis. The development of memory structure representations for homographs was measured by a Pathfinder algorithm. In Experiment 1, the three dependent variables were: the number of links in the network, closeness measures (C), and distances between nodes. Results revealed developmental differences in network structure representations in adults and children. In Experiment 2, results revealed that these differences were not due to the cohort effect. In Experiment 3, the relationship between associative strength, as measured by associative norms, and distances, as measured by Pathfinder algorithm, was explored. The results of these three experiments and empirical research from semantic priming experiments show that these differences in memory structure representations could be one of the sources of the missing semantic priming effect in children.

Combining the Post-Cue Task and the Perceptual Identification Task to Assess Parallel Activation and Mutual Facilitation of Related Primes and Targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian Scherer ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Activation ◽  
Prime Target

Abstract. Recent theories assume a mutual facilitation in case of semantic overlap for concepts being activated simultaneously. We provide evidence for this claim using a semantic priming paradigm. To test for mutual facilitation of related concepts, a perceptual identification task was employed, presenting prime-target pairs briefly and masked, with an SOA of 0 ms (i.e., prime and target were presented concurrently, one above the other). Participants were instructed to identify the target. In Experiment 1, a cue defining the target was presented at stimulus onset, whereas in Experiment 2 the cue was not presented before the offset of stimuli. Accordingly, in Experiment 2, a post-cue task was merged with the perceptual identification task. We obtained significant semantic priming effects in both experiments. This result is compatible with the view that two concepts can both be activated in parallel and can mutually facilitate each other if they are related.

scholarly journals Semantic Priming Effects in a Lexical Decision Task: Comparing third Graders and College Students in two Different Stimulus Onset Asynchronies

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candice Steffen Holderbaum ◽  
Jerusa Fumagalli de Salles
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Third Graders ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Differences in the semantic priming effect comparing child and adult performance have been found by some studies. However, these differences are not well established, mostly because of the variety of methods used by researchers around the world. One of the main issues concerns the absence of semantic priming effects on children at stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) smaller than 300ms. The aim of this study was to compare the semantic priming effect between third graders and college students at two different SOAs: 250ms and 500ms. Participants performed lexical decisions to targets which were preceded by semantic related or unrelated primes. Semantic priming effects were found at both SOAs in the third graders' group and in college students. Despite the fact that there was no difference between groups in the magnitude of semantic priming effects when SOA was 250ms, at the 500ms SOA their magnitude was bigger in children, corroborating previous studies. Hypotheses which could explain the presence of semantic priming effects in children's performance when SOA was 250ms are discussed, as well as hypotheses for the larger magnitude of semantic priming effects in children when SOA was 500ms.

‘Hyper-priming’ in thought-disordered schizophrenic patients

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. MORITZ ◽  
K. MERSMANN ◽  
M. KLOSS ◽  
D. JACOBSEN ◽  
U. WILKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Formal Thought Disorder ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Positive Thought

Background. A number of studies have suggested that indirect semantic priming is enhanced in thought-disordered schizophrenics. However, research on direct semantic priming has produced conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to resolve some of the ambiguities of previous findings.Methods. For the present study, 44 schizophrenic patients were split according to the presence of associative loosening into a positive thought-disordered (TD) and non-positive thought-disordered (NTD) group. Thirty healthy subjects and 36 psychiatric patients served as controls.Results. Schizophrenics displayed increased indirect semantic priming compared with psychiatric controls. When subtyping the sample, TD-patients exhibited significantly enhanced indirect semantic priming compared with healthy and psychiatric controls as well as NTD-patients. Overall slowing was found to be independent of priming effects. Medication, age and chronicity of the schizophrenic illness did not modulate priming.Conclusions. In line with Spitzer and Maher it is inferred that disinhibited semantic networks underlie formal thought disorder in schizophrenia. For future research, it would be appropriate to: employ indirect semantic priming rather than direct semantic priming conditions; and, pay more attention to potential moderators of the priming effect, most importantly, the prime display duration and the length of the stimulus onset asynchrony.

Does Self-Associating a Geometric Shape Immediately Cause Attentional Prioritization?

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 335-348
Author(s):  
Gabriela Orellana-Corrales ◽  
Christina Matschke ◽  
Ann-Katrin Wesslein
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Probe Task ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Own Name ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Abstract. In many cognitive tasks, stimuli associated with one’s self elicit faster responses than stimuli associated with others. This is true for familiar self-representations (e.g., one’s own name), for new self-associated stimuli, and for combinations of both. The current research disentangles the potential of self- versus stranger-representations for familiar, new, and paired (familiar + new) stimuli to guide attention. In Study 1 ( N = 34), responses to familiar and new self- versus other representations were tested in a dot-probe task with a short stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA; 100 ms). Study 2 ( N = 31) and Study 3 ( N = 35) use a long SOA (1,000 ms) to test whether the findings are mirrored in inhibition of return (IOR). We observe significant performance differences for targets following self- versus stranger-associated stimuli (i.e., a cuing effect or IOR depending on the SOA length), yet only when familiar representations are present. This indicates that, under conditions of attentional competition between self- and stranger-representations, familiar self-representations impact the distribution of attention while new self-representations alone do not.

scholarly journals Does a Working Memory Load Really Influence Semantic Priming? A Self-replication Attempt

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Heyman ◽  
Kirsten Goossens ◽  
Keith A. Hutchison ◽  
Gert Storms
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Working Memory Load ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Self Replication

The present paper describes two attempts to replicate a recent study of ours in the semantic priming domain (Heyman, Van Rensbergen, Storms, Hutchison, & De Deyne, 2015). In that study, we observed that semantic priming for forward associates (e.g., panda-bear) completely evaporated when participants’ working memory was taxed, whereas backward (e.g., baby-stork) and symmetric associates (e.g., cat-dog) showed no ill-effects of a secondary task. This was the case for relatively long and short stimulus onset asynchronies (i.e., 1,200 ms and 200 ms, respectively). The results thus suggested that prospective target activation is, contrary to what some theories of semantic memory posit, not an automatic process. However, the two replication studies reported here cast serious doubt on this conclusion. A Bayesian analysis of all the available data indicated that there is at least substantial evidence for a priming effect in every condition, except for forward associates in the short SOA condition. The null hypothesis is still supported in the latter condition, though the replication studies weakened the evidence for a null effect. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

Facilitation and inhibition caused by the orienting of attention in propositional reasoning tasks

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Alberto Mazzocco ◽  
Stefano Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Short Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Short Stimulus ◽  
Reasoning Tasks ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

In an attempt to study the orienting of attention in reasoning, we developed a set of propositional reasoning tasks structurally similar to Posner's (1980) spatial cueing paradigm, widely used to study the orienting of attention in perceptual tasks. We cued the representation in working memory of a reasoning premise, observing whether inferences drawn using that premise or a different, uncued one were facilitated, hindered, or unaffected. The results of Experiments 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d, using semantically (1a–1c) or statistically (1d) informative cues, showed a robust, long-lasting facilitation for drawing inferences from the cued rule. In Experiment 2, using uninformative cues, inferences from the cued rule were facilitated with a short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), whereas they were delayed when the SOA was longer, an effect that is similar to the “inhibition of return” (IOR) in perceptual tasks. Experiment 3 used uninformative cues, three different SOAs, and inferential rules with disjunctive antecedents, replicating the IOR-like effect with the long SOAs and, at the short SOA, finding evidence of a gradient-like behaviour of the facilitation effect. Our findings show qualitative similarities to some effects typically observed in the orienting of visual attention, although the tasks did not involve spatial orienting.

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