scholarly journals Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Y. Shang ◽  
Y. H. Wu ◽  
S. S. Gau ◽  
W. Y. Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Microstructural Integrity ◽  
Executive Dysfunctions

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is recognized as an early-onset neuropsychiatric disorder with executive dysfunctions and neurobiological deficits. The authors compared executive functions and microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal circuit in children with ADHD and typically developing children.MethodWe assessed 25 children with ADHD and 25 age-, sex-, handedness- and intelligence-matched typically developing children by using psychiatric interviews, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – third edition, and the tasks involving executive functions in the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. The frontostriatal tracts were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography and were subdivided into four functionally distinct segments, including dorsolateral, medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal and ventrolateral tracts. Tract-specific and matched case-control analyses were used and generalized fractional anisotropy values were computed.ResultsChildren with ADHD had lower generalized fractional anisotropy of all the bilateral frontostriatal fiber tracts and poorer performance in verbal and spatial working memory, set-shifting, sustained attention, cognitive inhibition and visuospatial planning. The symptom severity of ADHD and the executive functioning performance significantly correlated with integrity of the frontostriatal tracts, particularly the left orbitofrontal and ventrolateral tracts. Children with ADHD also demonstrated loss of the leftward asymmetry in the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal tracts that was present in typically developing children.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate disturbed structural connectivity of the frontostriatal circuitry in children with ADHD and add new evidence of associations between integrity of the frontostriatal tracts and measures of core symptoms of ADHD and a wide range of executive dysfunctions in both groups.

scholarly journals Dissociable effects of ADHD and Methylphenidate treatment on the capture and the inhibition of impulsive actions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Grandjean ◽  
Isabel Suarez ◽  
Aline Miquee ◽  
David DaFonseca ◽  
Laurence Anne Casini
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Prepotent Response

The deficit in “interference control” commonly reported in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) could be due to at least two distinct processes, which are not disentangled in most studies: a larger susceptibility to activating prepotent response impulses and a deficit in suppressing them. In this study, we investigated the effect of 1/ADHD and 2/ MPH, on these two components of interference control.We compared interference control between children with ADHD without medication, children with ADHD under methylphenidate (MPH), and typically developing children performing a Simon conflict task.The main findings were that 1/ children with ADHD were more susceptible to reacting impulsively but less efficient at suppressing impulsive actions than typically developing children, and 2/ MPH improved the selective inhibition of impulsive actions but did not modify the strength of response impulse activation.

scholarly journals Dissociable effects of ADHD and Methylphenidate treatment on the capture and the inhibition of impulsive actions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Grandjean ◽  
Isabel Suarez ◽  
David DaFonseca ◽  
Laurence Anne Casini
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Prepotent Response

The deficit in “interference control” commonly reported in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) could be due to at least two distinct processes, which are not disentangled in most studies: a larger susceptibility to activating prepotent response impulses and a deficit in suppressing them. In this study, we investigated the effect of 1/ADHD and 2/ MPH, on these two components of interference control.We compared interference control between children with ADHD without medication, children with ADHD under methylphenidate (MPH), and typically developing children performing a Simon conflict task.The main findings were that 1/ children with ADHD were more susceptible to reacting impulsively but less efficient at suppressing impulsive actions than typically developing children, and 2/ MPH improved the selective inhibition of impulsive actions but did not modify the strength of response impulse activation.

scholarly journals Sleep Lab Adaptation in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Bessey ◽  
Jennifer Richards ◽  
Penny Corkum
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Children’S Sleep

Objectives. Research has shown inconsistencies across studies examining sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is possible that these inconsistencies are due to sleep lab adaptation. The goal of the current study was to investigate the possibility that children with ADHD adapt differently to the sleep lab than do typically developing (TD) children.Patients and Methods. Actigraphy variables were compared between home and the sleep lab. Sleep lab adaptation reports from the parent and child were compared between children with ADHD (n=25) and TD children (n=25).Results. Based on actigraphy, both groups had reduced sleep duration and reduced wake after sleep onset in the sleep lab compared to home. The only interaction effect was that TD children had increased sleep efficiency in the sleep lab compared to home.Conclusions. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that children with ADHD adjust to the sleep lab differently than their typically developing peers. However, both groups of children did sleep differently in the sleep lab compared to home, and this needs to be considered when generalizing research findings from a sleep lab environment to children’s sleep in general.

scholarly journals Altered tactile sensitivity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 2568-2578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolaas A. J. Puts ◽  
Ashley D. Harris ◽  
Mark Mikkelsen ◽  
Mark Tommerdahl ◽  
Richard A. E. Edden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by an inability to concentrate, heightened activity, and hypermotoric behavior, but sensory (e.g., tactile) problems are common. The literature on tactile impairments in ADHD is limited, with most work employing clinical observations or questionnaires. We studied tactile processing in children with ADHD and hypothesized that children with ADHD would show reduced performance in tasks closely linked to inhibition. Sixty-seven children with ADHD and 62 typically developing children (TDC) performed a battery of tasks grouped in domains: simple and choice reaction time; static and dynamic detection threshold (probing feedforward inhibition); amplitude discrimination without adaptation and with dual and single-site adaptation (probing lateral inhibition and adaptation); sequential and simultaneous frequency discrimination (previously linked to GABA); and temporal order judgment with and without a synchronous carrier stimulus. Children with ADHD could discriminate different amplitudes without adaptation, suggesting lateral inhibition is intact, but were negatively affected in all adaptation conditions, whereas TDC were only affected during single-site adaptation. Children with ADHD also showed normal frequency discrimination. Children with ADHD showed slower reaction times and higher detection threshold, likely driven by IQ and inattention, because reaction time and detection thresholds correlated with IQ and subtle motor signs. Children with ADHD showed a pattern of altered tactile processing on specific tasks, suggesting that higher cognitive function and cortical mechanisms related to adaptation are affected in ADHD, but no clear conclusion can be drawn toward impaired inhibition. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This manuscript presents the first tactile psychophysical study testing different aspects of tactile processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), using large cohort sizes of 67 children with ADHD and 65 Typically Developing Children. This study demonstrates impaired tactile processing in children with ADHD, on some, but not all tasks (showing this is not just due to attention), related to impaired cortical mechanisms. Furthermore, both IQ and soft motor skill abnormalities (common in ADHD) are correlated with tactile abnormalities.

scholarly journals Attachment and Executive Functions in ADHD Symptomatology—Independent Inputs or an Interaction?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Łukasz Konowałek ◽  
Tomasz Wolańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Attachment Representation ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology ◽  
Executive Dysfunctions

Despite a multitude of research on executive functions and attachment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a synthetic approach to the matter seems to have been lacking. In this review, we attempt to check the available data against two hypotheses: (1) executive functions and attachment influence ADHD symptoms independently; (2) executive functions and attachment interact to produce ADHD symptoms. We found no evidence falsifying the former hypothesis and some evidence to refute the latter. Limitations of current study approaches and suggestions for further research are discussed. Specifically, we propose an attachment representation, rather than attachment style, approach to measuring the mediation thereof between executive dysfunctions and ADHD.

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