Is being gender nonconforming distressing? It depends where you live: gender equality across 15 nations predicts how much gender nonconformity is related to self-esteem

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marcel Zentner ◽  
Christian von Aufsess
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Gender Conformity ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

Abstract Background Individuals exhibiting gender nonconforming behaviors experience low self-esteem and a number of other mental health conditions, including elevated suicide risk. Most of the relevant evidence is confined to US studies, however. Adopting a cross-national approach, we examined the pervasiveness of the psychological burden associated with gender nonconformity. Because self-esteem is sensitive to the fulfillment of societal expectations for gender conformity, we reasoned that the relationship between gender conformity and self-esteem ought to decrease as societies become less restrictive in their gender norms. Methods To test this proposition, we conducted two studies including 18 national samples from 15 countries varying in gender equality. Participants responded to an online survey that included measures of gender conformity and self-esteem (N = 4486). Results Using multilevel analyses and meta-analytic statistics over the samples of both studies, we found that as gender equality increased, the association between gender conformity and self-esteem decreased. Conclusions The results suggest that rather than being inherently noxious, gender non-conformity becomes detrimental to self-esteem when it clashes with restrictive gender role norms that are enacted by the macrosocial context. We suggest that previous findings on psychological problems related to gender nonconformity be considered within a broader macrosocial context that may constrain people's freedom to move against gender role norms.

scholarly journals The impact of gender role norms on mothers’ labor supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Danilo Cavapozzi ◽  
Marco Francesconi ◽  
Cheti Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

Rape myth acceptance, male gender role norms, attitudes towards women, and psychopathic traits in a military sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Alexa DeLisle ◽  
Hannah C. Walsh ◽  
Pamela M. Holtz ◽  
Jennifer Callahan ◽  
Craig S. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Rape Myth Acceptance ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Male Gender Role ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms ◽  
Myth Acceptance

scholarly journals The Impact of Gender Role Norms on Mothers' Labor Supply

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Cavapozzi ◽  
Marco Francesconi ◽  
Cheti Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

scholarly journals Examining gender differentials in the association of low control work with cognitive performance in older workers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine J Ford ◽  
G David Batty ◽  
Anja K Leist
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Occupational Risk Factors ◽  
High Control ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

Abstract Background Limited workplace control, an important dimension of job strain, can reduce occupational opportunities for problem solving and learning. Women may have fewer professional resources to mitigate effects of low control, while conversely, gender-role norms may moderate the influence of occupational psychosocial risk factors. We therefore examined whether the links between control and cognitive function were similarly gendered. Methods This observational, longitudinal study included respondents of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe who were aged 50–64 years at entry, employed and provided at least two measurements of control and cognition (n = 6697). Relationships between control and cognition, quantified with standardized scores from verbal fluency, immediate and delayed word recall tests, were explored using linear fixed-effect and random-effect models with gender interactions. Results Consistent trends of improved verbal fluency performance with high control were evident across analyses, equal to producing around three-quarters of a word more under high control conditions, with an effect size ∼0.1 SD units (fully adjusted models, range 0.077–0.104 SD), although associations with recall tests were inconsistent. We did not find evidence of clear gender differences in control–cognition relationships for any of the cognitive domains. Conclusions The cognitive health of older European workers may benefit from improved workplace control irrespective of gender. Possible sources of bias that could explain the lack of gender differences are discussed, particularly gender differences in labour force participation, response behaviour in job control ratings and implications of gender-role norms on the importance of occupational risk factors.

scholarly journals Through the Lens of Race: Black and White Women's Perceptions of Womanhood

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis H. Settles ◽  
Jennifer S. Pratt-Hyatt ◽  
NiCole T. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
White Women ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Women’S Perceptions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

The intersection of race and gender may create unique experiences for Black and White women in terms of work, family, domestic roles, and interpersonal relationships. Dissimilar gender-role norms may foster different perceptions of gender for these two groups of women. In the current study, we examined similarities and differences in Black and White women's perceptions of their gender using qualitative focus group methodology and grounded theory data analysis. The results identified five themes that were common to Black and White women: Gender-Based Mistreatment, Perceived Advantage, Friendships and Community, Caretaking, and Work and Family Options. One additional theme, Inner Strength, emerged only for Black women. Although many of the broad perceptions of womanhood were similar for Black and White women, analysis of the content within each theme highlighted important differences. We discuss the results in terms of how they may reflect socio-historical factors, gender discrimination, stereotypes, and gender-role norms.

scholarly journals Masculinity and Suicidal Desire in a Community Sample of Homeless Men: Bringing Together Masculinity and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-342
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Genuchi
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Perceived Burdensomeness ◽  
Suicide Death ◽  
Homeless Men ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms ◽  
Masculine Gender

Men’s high suicide death rates are likely associated with a range of factors, notably men’s conformity to predominant masculine gender role norms and men’s gender-related attitudes toward suicide death based on those norms. The purpose of this study was to investigate how two models integrating men’s conformity to hegemonic masculine gender role norms, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness predict the existence and severity of suicidal ideation in a sample of men at high risk for suicide, homeless men. The study results indicated that multiple norms were predictive of the existence or severity of suicidal ideation while perceived burdensomeness predicted both suicide ideation and the severity of ideation.

Transnational media consumption dissonance and ambivalent sexism: How American and Korean television drama consumption shapes Chinese audiences’ gender-role values

2021 ◽  
pp. 174804852110290
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Chris Chao Su
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Media Technology ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Transnational Media ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Role Norms ◽  
Gender Role Norms

Driven by globalization, modernity and the development of media technology, transnational media consumption is increasingly prevalent. Together with domestic media consumption, transnational media consumption constitutes the fragmentation and diversification of individuals’ media consumption behaviors. Yet research concerning the hybrid media effects generated by domestic and transnational media consumption is still underdeveloped. Using a sample of 556 Chinese Internet users, this study proposes a concept of transnational media consumption dissonance to compare the effects of hybrid media consumption on sexism and gender-role norms in marriage (GRIM). The findings suggest that individuals’ perceptions of gender-role norms are not only affected by domestic media usage but also altered through transnational media usage. We illustrate how transnational media consumption dissonance can affect Chinese audiences’ perception of GRIM through the mediating roles of perceived sexism in American and Korean dramas and their general sexism values.

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