Effects of Field Applications of Nitrate on Weed Seed Germination and Dormancy

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 594-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fawcett ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Population Numbers

Application of 112 to 336 kg/ha N as ammonium nitrate [NH4(NO−3)] failed to affect population numbers of common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.), giant foxtail(Setaria faberiHerrm.), velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), jimsonweed(Datura stramoniumL.), or redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.). Common lambsquarters seeds harvested from NO−3-treated plots were less dormant than control seeds. Seed germination in the laboratory increased from 3.0% for control seeds to 34.0% for seeds harvested from plots treated with 280 kg/ha N as NH4(NO−3). Nitrate concentration in common lambsquarters seeds increased as nitrogen fertilization increased. Seeds from nonfertilized plots contained 18.7 μg/g NO−3, while seeds from plots fertilized with 280 kg/ha N contained 126.3 μg/g. Adding exogenous NO−3to the germination medium brought the germination of most seed lots to a similar level, except for control seeds which germinated at a lower rate. In contrast to common lambsquarters, nitrogen fertilization did not greatly affect dormancy or NO−3accumulation in velvetleaf seeds. Exogenous NO−3failed to stimulate velvetleaf germination because dormant velvetleaf seeds did not imbibe.

Effects of 2,4-D and Dalapon on Weed Seed Production and Dormancy

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fawcett ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Annual Weeds

2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetie acid] and dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) were applied to a natural stand of annual weeds at a time near flowering to determine effects on seed production and the dormancy and viability of seeds produced. At rates of 0.6 and 1.1 kg/ha, 2,4-D reduced, respectively the seed production of common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.) 99 and 99%, redroot pigweed(Amaranthus retroflexusL.) 77 and 84%, and jimsonweed(Datura stramoniumL.) 64 and 100%, while giant foxtail(Setaria faberiHerrm) seed production was increased to 307 and 381% of the control, respectively. Dalapon at rates of 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha reduced respectively seed production of giant foxtail 100 and 100%, and jimsonweed 100 and 91%. Before and after overwinter burial in the soil, common lambsquarters seeds from plants treated with 4.5 kg/ha dalapon were less dormant than control seeds. After overwintering, redroot pigweed seeds from dalapon-treated plants were less dormant than controls, and more seeds survived the winter burial. Common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed seeds from plants treated with 1.1 kg/ha 2,4-D were more dormant than control seeds before overwintering,’ while giant foxtail seeds from 2,4-D treated plants were less dormant than controls after overwintering. Viability of seeds produced by herbicide-treated plants, as determined by germination in KCN, was not greatly different from control seeds. Treatment with 2,4-D or dalapon resulted in the production of common lambsquarters seeds which produced seedlings about half as vigorous as controls. Jimsonweed seedlings grown from seeds from 2,4-D-treated plants showed phenoxy herbicide injury symptoms.

Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Taylorson
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

Factors Influencing Fluorochloridone Activity in No-Till Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Buhler
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
Carry Over

Application time did not greatly influence control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH) or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL) in no-till corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3747’) with fluorochloridone {3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone}. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) control was reduced as much as 25% by 90 days after planting when fluorochloridone was applied early preplant rather than preemergence. Fluorochloridone at 0.8 kg/ha applied preplant or preemergence gave 83% or greater control of common lambsquarters and giant foxtail for the entire growing season. However, velvetleaf control with the same treatments was 61% or less. Fluorochloridone caused minimal corn injury. Greenhouse bioassay indicated that fluorochloridone may carry over and injure soybean[Glycine max(L.) Merr.] the year after application. Imbibition of fluorochloridone by seed of corn and giant foxtail did not reduce germination at concentrations up to 10-3M. Giant foxtail seedling fresh weight was reduced 80% following imbibition of 10-5M fluorochloridone. Corn seedling fresh weight was not reduced by imbibition of up to 10-4M fluorochloridone.

Response of Annual Weed Species to Glufosinate and Glyphosate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The recent introduction of glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant crops provides growers with new options for weed management. Information is needed to compare the effectiveness of glufosinate and glyphosate on annual weeds. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) to glufosinate and glyphosate. The response of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters was investigated at multiple stages of growth. Glufosinate and glyphosate were applied to each weed species at logarithmically incremented rates. The glufosinate and glyphosate rates that provided a 50% reduction in aboveground weed biomass, commonly referred to as GR50values, were compared using nonlinear regression techniques. Barnyardgrass, common ragweed, fall panicum, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass responded similarly to glufosinate and glyphosate. Common lambsquarters 4 to 8 cm in height was more sensitive to glufosinate than glyphosate. In contrast, 15- to 20-cm tall-velvetleaf was more sensitive to glyphosate than glufosinate.

Growth interactions in communities of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and corn

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moechnig ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg ◽  
Larry K. Binning
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Germination Stimulation Properties of Carbamate Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Fawcett ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Faberii ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Stimulation Of

Butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate], CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate), and chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate) at 0.1 kg/ha caused increased velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) populations in field plots. Butylate caused increased populations of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) at rates of up to 1.1 kg/ha. In the laboratory, each of the six herbicides caused increased velvetleaf seed germination, and butylate, EPTC, and CDEC caused increased common lambsquarters germination when seeds were exposed to herbicide vapors prior to germination. Germination of velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiiHerrm.) was also increased by butylate solutions over a wide range of concentrations. Maximum germination stimulation generally occurred between concentrations of 10-5and 10-6M butylate. Seedling injury and death also resulted from these concentrations of butylate. Butylate stimulation of seed germination could not be correlated with light requirements of seeds, but appeared to be an additional promotive factor. Ungerminated common lambsquarters seeds after butylate treatment were viable and responded to KCN and KNO3in the same manner as control seeds which did not initially germinate in water. Butylate in combination with the antidote, R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) stimulated germination of common lambsquarters.

The Interaction of Acifluorfen and Bentazon in Herbicidal Combinations

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veldon M. Sorensen ◽  
W. F. Meggitt ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] were applied singly, in combination at various rates, with and without a crop oil concentrate to common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE), jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL. # DATST), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) grown in containers in the greenhouse and outdoors. Without crop oil concentrate, synergistic responses to the combinations were measured in common lambsquarters and velvetleaf. Antagonistic responses were measured in jimsonweed. Redroot pigweed response was antagonistic in the greenhouse and synergistic outdoors. The addition of a crop oil concentrate tended to mask the interactions. Crop oil concentrate also increased the droplet size for common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, jimsonweed, and redroot pigweed 53, 41, 28, and 27%, respectively. Neither herbicide at any rate or combination influenced droplet size. Radiolabeled studies showed reduced uptake of14C-acifluorfen when bentazon was present in common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed by 15 and 10%, respectively. Radiolabeled bentazon uptake was reduced 3% in jimsonweed and increased 20% in redroot pigweed when acifluorfen was present.

Predicting soybean yield loss in giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) communities

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn P. Conley ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom ◽  
Larry K. Binning
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail

Some Germination Characteristics in Common Lambsquarters(Chenopodium album)

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Chi Chu ◽  
R. D. Sweet ◽  
J. L. Ozbun
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Black Seed ◽  
Germination Characteristics

Germination of fruit of common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.) from three out of four sources was enhanced by 9 to 41% by removal of the fruit coat, and by 21% by washing the fruit for 70 h. Brown-black seed germinated more rapidly than the black and brown seed after washing for 70 h. The washing treatment appeared to remove some unknown inhibitors. After washing, seed germination was found to be positively correlated with seed size.

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